Unit 2: Population and Migration Flashcards
demography
the study of populations and their changes
factors that influence population distribution
physical factors (climate, landforms, water bodies) and human factors (culture, economics, history, politics)
arithmetic density
total # of people divided by the total land area; answers the where but not why or how distributed
physiological density
total # of people/total arable land; the higher the #, the more pressure is being put on the land
agricultural density
total # of farmers/total arable land; allows geographers to see economic differences between countries
overpopulation
occurs when an area exceeds its carrying capacity
carrying capacity
the largest # of people an environment can support without strain or damage; now, higher populations density strains the land’s carrying capacity
sex ratio
of males per 100 females in a population
population pyramid
age-sex composition graph; provides information on birth rates, death rates, average life span, and economic development
crude birth rate (CBR)
birth rate; yearly births/1000 people alive
crude death rate (CDR)
yearly deaths/1000 people alive; can change based on war, famine, etc.
total fertility rate (TFR)
average # of children born to a woman if all females lived to the end of their childbearing years
life expectancy
of years a person will live; one of the most important factors in the increase in global population in the rise of life expectancy
natural increase rate (NIR)
how much the population fo a country will grow over a given amount of time; CBR-CDR/10
population doubling time
the time it will take for a population to double; 70/population growth rate
demographic transition model (DTM)
graphic model used to show how changes in birth rates and death rates in a country change as that country moves from an agrarian society to an industrial society
zero population growth
the number of births and deaths essentially cancel each other out; no net migration change
epidemiological transition
model that predicts stages in disease and life expectancy that countries experience as they develop; corresponds with the stages in the DTM (Stages 1-5)
pandemic
widespread outbreaks of infectious dieseases that affect a large number of people across countries or continents
Thomas Malthus
an English clergyman and early economist (early 1800s); concluded that society was on a path of mass starvation; population would grow faster than food supply, so the population would soon become unsupportable
pronatalist
attempts to increase births; happens for numerous reasons (leads to economic growth, builds up military, replaces those lost in war and civil unrest, etc.)
antinatalist
attempts to decrease births; happens because a nation may not be able to provide for so many people and overpopulation
dependency ratio
a value that compares the working to nonworking parts of a population; dependent population: below 15 and over 65
infant mortality rate (IMR)
the # of deaths of infants under 1 year/1000 live births given
immigration
migration to a place
emigration
migration from a place
net migration
the difference between immigrants and emigrants (immigrants-emigrants)
migration transition
the change in migration patterns within a society as it goes through stages of development
push factor
factors that push a population away; lack of jobs/economic opportunities, oppose a government b/c of persecution, natural disasters
pull factor
factors that pull or attract people to a country; economic opportunities, cultural tolerance
forced migration
migrant has no choice but to migrate (slavery/human trafficking)
refugee
forced to migrate b/c of violence or fear of persecution
internally displaced person (IDP)
forced to migrate for similar reasons as a refugee but stays inside the country; Trail of Tears
asylum seeker
people who leave their home country due to fear of persecution and seek protection in another country
voluntary migration
permanent movement by choice, not force
interregional migration
movement from one region to another
transnational migration
international migration
transhumance migration
pastoral farming where ranchers move livestock according to season
intraregional migration
movement from within one region
chain migration
movement to a location because of relocation or the same nationality
step migration
series of small, less extreme moves to reach a destination
guest worker
immigrants from poorer countries are allowed to migrate temporarily for jobs
rural-to-urban migration
migration from rural areas to urban ones, usually for economic/job opportunities; resulted in White Flight
intervening opportunity
feature that encourages a migrant to choose a destination other than the original one
intervening obstacles
barriers that make reaching a destination more difficult; marriage, not enough money, no visa, environmental barriers
counter migration
people moving in causes people to move out
xenophobia
exaggerated fear or hatred of foreigners or people from other cultures
Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
explains patterns of human migration; the tendency of people to move short distances (distance decay), migrate in stages, and be attracted to factors of economic opportunity
