Unit 2 - Population and Migration Flashcards
Arithmetic Density
the total number of objects or people per unit of land area.
o High = population living in a smaller land area.
o Low = population living in a land area than can accommodate them.
o Regions with High Arithmetic Densities include Asia, Europe, and Central America.
o Regions with Low Arithmetic Densities include North and South America, and Australia.
Physiological Density
he number of persons per unit of area suitable for agriculture.
o High = country is lacking arable land needed to sustain its population.
o Low = country has enough or more than enough arable land to sustain its population.
o Regions with High Physiological Densities include Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and South America
o Regions with Low Physiological Densities include North America, Europe, and Australia.
Agricultural Density
he number of farmers per unit of farmland (arable land).
o High = country is lacking agriculture
o Low = country has enough agriculture.
o Regions with High Agricultural Densities include Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa
o Regions with Low Agricultural Densities include North America, Europe, and Australia.
Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
shows population changes over time and the economic standing/level of development of a country.
o Societies generally move from Agrarian (rural) to industrial (urban).
o Components of the DTM include the CBR, CDR, and NIR.
State 1 (High Stationary)
High CBR, High CDR, NIR is stable and has low growth. Characteristics include the Hunting and Gathering Era and Early Farming techniques. Example: scattered groups.
Stage 2 (Early Expanding)
Very High CBR, Rapidly decreasing CDR, very high growth in NIR. Characteristics include the Industrial Revolution in Europe and North America. (1700 – 1800s), and the Medical Revolution in Asia (1950). Examples: Egypt, Kenya, India. Population pyramid: Triangular.
Stage 3 (Late Expanding)
Rapid decline in CBR, slow decline in CDR, steady decline in NIR. Characteristics include Urbanization and improved medical care, diet, fewer children, more education. Example: Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia. Population pyramid: Extended triangle.
Stage 4 (Low Stationary)
Low CBR, Low CDR, NIR approaches ZPG as CBR = CDR. Characteristics include fully developed countries, changing role for women, use of contraceptives, higher education. Examples: U.S., Britain, France. Population pyramid: column.
Stage 5 (Declining)
Very low CBR: Low CDR, possibly increasing, NIR is negative with CDR > CBR. Characteristics include aging population, high dependency ratio, possible cultural extinction. Examples: Jaman, Germany, Russia. Population pyramid: Reduced pentagon.
Thomas Malthus
Author who claimed that population growth would outpace food production.
o Population grows exponentially while its food supply grows linearly. A population is therefore limited by its food supply. Human population growth will eventually outpace food production.
o Checks that keep population in balance with subsistence methods are either “private” (moral restraint, celibacy, chastity) or “destructive” (war, poverty, pestilence, famine).
Neomalthusianism
the advocacy of population control programs like the use of contraceptives and family planning to preserve and improve general national prosperity and well-being. (More recent decades).
Critics of Malthus
1) He didn’t account for new farming technology to increase food production.
2) He assumed that humans had no control over reproductive behavior.
3) He did not recognize that famine is usually related to unequal distribution of food; not lack of food.
Lee’s Model of Migration
A theory that states people move according to push factors, pull factors, and intervening obstacles.
Push Factors
encourages people to move out of their present location. (can be centrifugal)
Pull Factors
encourages people to move into a new location. (can be centripetal)
Intervening Obstacle
environmental, economic, or political barriers to migration.
Ravenstein’s Law of Migration
After careful observation of migrants and characteristics of migrants moving to certain areas, E.G., Ravenstein came up with a series of laws of migration in the 1870s and 80s. These laws describe migration tendencies, patterns, and demographics. Some of the most important laws include:
Most migrants go only a short distance; Most migration in history is rural to urban; Most international migrants are young males; Each migration flow produces a counter flow or counter migration; Most migration occurs in steps; Most migrate for economic reasons; Most long-distance migrants are young, single adults; Most long-distance migrants settle in large urban areas.
Forced Migration
a type of migration that is compelled by political, cultural, and social reasons.
Slavery
ex: (African Slave Trade)
Refugees
a person who leaves his or her country due to fear of persecution because of his or her race, religion, nationality, or political views (ex: Syria 3.88 million, Afghanistan 2.59 million)
Internally Displaced Person
a person who is forcibly uprooted within his or her country but who has not crossed an international border (ex: Syria 6 million, Columbia 6 million.
Asylum Seekers
a person who has moved across international borders in search of protection and has filed a claim for asylum with a host country’s government (ex: Germany 500,000 applicants, France 255,000 applicants)
Voluntary Migration
a type of migration that is undertaken by choice.
Transnational Migration
settlement across international borders in which individuals maintain or build multiple networks of connection to their country of origin while at the same time settling in a new country (ex: Colonial America; Europe => North America).
Transhumance
the movement of livestock according to seasonal patterns, generally low land areas in the winter, and highland areas in the summer (ex: pastoral nomadism)
Pastoral Nomadism
The way of life of peoples who move cyclically or periodically with their domesticated livestock to find pasturage
Internal Migration
permanent move within the same country (ex: in U.S., migration from the South and Midwest to the West for jobs)
Chain Migration
a process in which people move to communities where relatives or friends migrated previously (ex: Great Migration; African Americans from the South to the North and followed family/friends).
Step Migration
A process in which migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves (Ex: In rural to urban migration, a migrant from a small town probably goes to a larger town, then a small city, and finally a large city).
Guest Worker
a person that temporarily resides within a host country for employment (ex: Middle East, N. Africa => Western Europe).
Rural => Urban
(ex: Industrial Revolution; farmers no longer needed and move to the urban areas for factory growth).
Zalinsky’s Model of Migration
A theory that claims that the type of migration will depend on the level of development of a country.
o Countries in Stage 2 and 3 experience rapid population growth and overcrowding. This limits the economic opportunities of the people; serves as a push factor. International migration is highest in these stages.
o People migrate to less crowded Stage 4 or 5 countries. These countries have greater economic opportunities with growing economies and aging populations. Internal migration is highest in these stages.
