UNIT #2 - POLICING MODELS & STRATEGY

Question 1

Modern policing has had two major forms of implementation:

Answer 1

traditional policing and community policing

Question 2

primary characteristics of traditional policing (3)

Answer 2

1) being ‘reactive’.
2) focused on incidents and providing safety and security for the community.
3) Generally, police are very effective in responding to crimes that are local, urban, and disruptive of local order – the type that prevailed when police services were first established

Question 3

The traditional response to policing is less effective in responding to what more complex crimes of the 21st century? (4)

Answer 3

multijurisdictional crimes, cybercrime, cyber-terrorism, and border security risks.

Question 4

the three R’s

Answer 4

Random patrol, rapid Response, Reactive investigation

Question 5

three P’s

Answer 5

prevention, Problem solving, Partnership

Question 6

The traditional model is marked by what key features? (7)

Answer 6

1) professionals with the sole responsibility for crime control
2) mandated to respond to calls that involve criminal incidents
3) control crime
4) provide rapid response times
5) a centralized service
6) hierarchical in nature
7) does not readily work in conjunction with community residents/agencies

Question 7

outlining the traditional approach (4)

Answer 7

1) Incident oriented
2) Response oriented
3) limited analysis
4) efficiency

Question 8

Incident oriented

Answer 8

responding to specific calls

Question 9

Response oriented

Answer 9

Respond as they arise; capacity/capability emphasized; little proactive attention

Question 10

Limited analysis

Answer 10

Little analysis of causes of events

Question 11

efficiency

Answer 11

Emphasis on response efficiencies; little attn. to reduction or elimination of problems

Question 12

Professional model of Policing (3)

Answer 12

1) a model of police work that emphasized promotion based on merit,
2) high volume of charges laid and arrests made as a measure of “effectiveness”,
3) with a focus centered on random patrol

Question 13

Random patrol (3)

Answer 13

1) The ‘watch system’ is the consideration that the presences of the officer (or patrol car) acts as a deterrence to crime and makes the public feel safe…or nervous if they are driving behind a police car on the highway.
2) are the oldest forms of policing
3) beat policing (walking the beat) or “watch” patrols made officers highly visible and well informed about persons, the community and activities.

Question 14

watch system

Answer 14

is the consideration that the presences of the officer (or patrol car) acts as a deterrence to crime and makes the public feel safe…or nervous if they are driving behind a police car on the highway.

Question 15

Negative of Random patrol (3)

Answer 15

1) foot patrol did not yield good response times and
2) as the need to account for police activity began to grow so did the demand for service and accountability.
3) The introduction of motorized patrol increased response times but little changed in the randomness of those patrols. That would not be affected until closer to the end of the 20th century.

Question 16

Rapid Response (3)

Answer 16

1) Motorized patrols and
2) 911 National Emergency Service
3) Patrol, or uniform, officers spend a great deal of time in their vehicles randomly patrolling and often waiting for the next call.

Question 17

Reactive Investigations (3)

Answer 17

1) used when investigators receive information of criminal activity and there is an urgent need to intervene.
2) In such cases, too great a delay in response can result in serious consequences for victims.
3) Typically, these investigations would be initiated by the victim and perhaps supported by informants, eyewitness and/or evidence collected after the incident.

Question 18

Weakness of Reactive Investigations (4)

Answer 18

1) officers were not put into use until after there was an incident and/or victim.
2) Little attention is given to preventing victimization,
3) there is no analysis of the problems that precipitated the crime or social disorder
4) limited, if any, consideration for the underlying causes of crime in communities.

Question 19

In a landmark study known as the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment, fifteen areas of the city were examined for crime rates as they related to: (3)

Answer 19

1) reactive beats
2) control beats
3) proactive beats

Question 20

The philosophy of traditional policing also has a rich history of measuring performance. Typically, how is this done?

Answer 20

1) by collecting and examining data around response times,
2) number of criminal arrests and
3) reduction of crime rates.

Question 21

Performance measurements

Answer 21

can be taken to mean the collective actions taken by a police service to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of its activities and interventions.

Question 22

Performance measures can improve what? (2)

Answer 22

1) delivery of police services while simultaneously assisting police with the rationalization and justification of costs and expenditures.
2) They are also helpful in identifying challenges various departments may be facing.

Question 23

Most police services in Canada are tied to what two traditional measures of police performance?

Answer 23

crime rates and clearance rates.

Question 24

Crime rates (3)

Answer 24

1) probably the most easily attainable and simultaneously problematic measure of police performance.
2) They can be equated with the profit margin of a business and are often viewed as the “bottom line” of the policing industry.
3) Every strategic plan begins with an assessment of the crime numbers for that area and achievements by officers, platoons, or departments usually highlight a reduction in crime rates.

Question 25

Clearance rates

Answer 25

This is the percentage of cases where the suspect has been identified, regardless of whether the individual is apprehended or convicted.

Question 26

What has been revealed by research studies on traditional patrol practice?

Answer 26

The response time of the police is not related to levels of crime

Question 27

What are the organizational characteristics of the traditional police organization?

Answer 27

Centralized command and control operations

Question 28

Which performance measure is NOT a contemporary performance measure?

Answer 28

Quality of victim experiences with police

Question 29

Traditional organizational theory is described as

Answer 29

a closed system that is bureaucratic, mechanistic and stable, with the most important characteristics of bureaucracy being: the principles of hierarchy and division of labour that results in specialization

Question 30

key principles of the organization of a traditional police model (5)

Answer 30

1) bureaucratic
2) hierarchy
3) specialization
4) centralization
5) closed systems

Question 31

bureaucratic (2)

Answer 31

1) refers to coordinated sets of rules or ‘general orders’ that provide standardization within the organization.
2) This type of approach often results in rigidity within the organization and can hinder adaptation of new approaches.

Question 32

hierarchy (4)

Answer 32

1) within a traditional model emphasizes that there is the need for lower levels of the organization to be supervised by higher levels.
2) In policing this is managed by rank levels and use of disciplinary work resulting from the structure.
3) The primary aspect of hierarchical structure is the effect on communication, in that, it seemingly only flows from the top down.
4) Additionally, there is inflexibility within the level of ranks limiting the decision-making ability of individuals in the organization.

Question 33

specialization (3)

Answer 33

1) applies to division of labour.
2) In policing organizations, especially large ones, specialization can assist in providing effective and efficient service while enhancing officers’ skills.
3) On the other hand, it can make an organization more complex in terms of communication and coordination

Question 34

centralization (3)

Answer 34

1) It was argued by some, that increased bureaucratization of police services results in extreme centralization and rationalization.
2) In a centralized organization, the ‘top’ of the hierarchy tends to keep all decision-making power.
3) This results in the most senior administrative positions retaining all or most of the authority.

Question 35

closed systems (2)

Answer 35

1) are characterized by all things being rational, predictable and certain
2) Since the viewpoint is that everything is predictable, the traditional bureaucratic organization does not assume the need to communicate with the environment, e.g. community leaders and organizations.

Question 36

PARE problem-solving Model

Answer 36

Problem Identification
Analysis
Strategic Response
Evaluation

Question 37

Problem Identification (2)

Answer 37

1) List the perceptions, symptoms
2) Identify perceived problem

Question 38

Analysis (4)

Answer 38

1) EXAMINE the problem - (5 Ws: Who, What, When Where, Why)
2) CONSIDER information on: The victim, offender, situation
3) DETERMINE: Impact. seriousness, complexity, solvability
4) PRIORITIZE & IDENTIFY: prioritize the problems, identify your problem & goal: eliminate, reduce, reduce harm or impact, redefine responsibility

Question 39

Strategic response (3)

Answer 39

1) IDENTIFY strategies - examples: enforcement, policy/laws, visibility, information/education, interagency/stakeholder, crime prevention, mediation, environmental design, social development
2) ASSESS & SELECT strategies: identify tasks
3) WRITE & IMPLEMENT: strategies, tasks for each strategy, strategy evaluation, completion, results

Question 40

Evaluation (3)

Answer 40

1) CONDUCT plan evaluation
2) ANALYZE plan results
3) DOCUMENT & SHARE best strategies

Question 41

What is the objective of the analysis stage?

Answer 41

To generate information on the underlying causes of conditions of the problem

Question 42

What are examples of some strategies that can be used in the analysis stage of PARE? (9)

Answer 42

Calls for service
community meetings
incident analysis
direct observation
focus groups
interviews
library research
meetings with other agencies
surveys and questionnaires administered to community residents and other stakeholder groups

Question 43

Problem Analysis triangle

Answer 43

Information must be gathered on the victim, the offender, and the situation the three sides of the problem analysis triangle

Question 44

To assist patrol officers and communities in screening, prioritizing, and ranking problems, what 4 problem analysis filters have been developed?

Answer 44

1) Impact of the problem
2) Seriousness of the problem
3) Complexity of the problem
4) Solveability of the problem

Question 45

Prioritizing problems – a scoring system (2)

Answer 45

1) During the analysis stage, it is not uncommon to discover related problems, so it may become necessary to prioritize.
2) the PARE Provide a mechanism for assigning a numeric value to each of the problem analysis filters to help set priorities

Question 46

In the PARE Problem-solving model, how is The scoring system ranked?

Answer 46

1. Impact 1(least) to 5 (most)
2. Seriousness 1(least) to 5 (most)
3. Complexity 1 (very) to 5 (easy)
4. Solvability 1 (difficult) to 5 (easy)
   By adding total scores and comparing results, the problems with the highest scores may be ranked highest in terms of priority.

Question 47

In regards to RESPONSE, Depending on the goals and objectives of the problem – solving process, a number of response options are available (12)

Answer 47

Traditional response strategies investigation
Inter-agency strategies
Use of non-criminal laws and regulations
More discriminate use of law-enforcement
Information, communication, and education strategies
Community mobilization
Focussed strategies
Crime prevention strategies and programs
Mediation strategies
environmental design
Social development
community control

Question 48

The intervention plan

Answer 48

Once response options are selected according to the goals and objectives of a specific problem-solving process, the team develops its intervention plan.

Question 49

The intervention plan should follow what SMART guidelines?

Answer 49

Specific, Identifying individual/agency and community responsibilities
Measurable (quantitatively or qualitatively or both)
Attainable, such as reducing the severity of prevalence of a problem
Realistic and related to previously established goals and objectives
Timely (bound to a schedule for implementation)

Question 50

Why is it important to gather information on the response?

Answer 50

In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the response, it is important to gather information specifically related to the problem

Question 51

Impact evaluation (2)

Answer 51

1) Involves assessing the qualitative and quantitative outcomes or consequences of problem-solving strategies.
2) An honest assessment is made to determine whether the strategies worked and what steps could be taken to improve them

Question 52

Conditions for successful problem-solving (8)

Answer 52

1) Policing involves addressing a wide range of problems, not just crime
2) These problems are interrelated and the priority given them must be constantly reassessed rather than ranked in traditional ways
3) Each problem requires a unique response rather than a generic “one-size-fits-all response”
4) The criminal law is only one of several response options
5) Police services can be successful by working to prevent problems, rather than simply by responding to incidents that are only Symptoms of underlying problems
6) Developing an effective response to a problem requires prior analysis rather than simply invoking traditional police practises
7) Contrary to the traditional image of the police – held by both the police and the public - the capacity of the police to solve problems is extremely limited
8) The role of the police is best viewed as one of facilitating, enabling, and encouraging the community in order to maintain problem-solving capacity, rather than as one that assumes full responsibility for that identification of an response to problems

Question 53

There are a number of specific practises that police executives must adopt in order to ensure that the entire police service becomes involved in problem-solving. These include:(4)

Answer 53

1) Communicating to all department members why responding to and solving problems is more effective than responding to incidents, and why police services and patrol officers should engage in problem-solving
2) Providing incentives to those members who engage in problem-solving
3) Reducing the barriers to officers engaging in the process, such by making more time available and eliminating administrative practises that hinder initiative and creativity
4) Providing examples of what constitutes good problem-solving

Question 54

What are 11 barriers to effective problem-solving?

Answer 54

Failing to plan is planning to fail
Failure to conduct a thorough analysis of the problem or working on the wrong problem
Failure to dedicate resources to the problem, leading officers feeling ill-equipped and undersupported
Failure to follow up in the assessment stage
Failure to initiate a process or take ownership of the problem
Problems in implementing an agency – wide program
The police take an expert role as opposed to a collaborative one
Failure to communicate successes and results
Difference in definitions between the community’s perception and the police service’s perception
Problems and implementation at the organizational, front-line, or community level
Failure of police technology to identify problems beyond the police service

Question 55

The iceberg or 80/20 rule

Answer 55

Holds that only a small portion of a problem is visible and that in order to eliminate a problem the root causes must be attacked

Question 56

Is there any relationship between the reactive arrest of specific individuals in the crime rate? In other words, do reactive arrests function as a specific deterrent to crime?(3)

Answer 56

Generally not, with a few possible exceptions.
1) For many individuals, arrest increases subsequent reoffending
2) Targeting prolific offenders does prevent them from reoffending if they are held in custody
3) The impact of arrest varies with employment status: unemployed people who are arrested tend to reoffend; however, arrest appears to act as a deterrent for people who are employed

Question 57

Traditionally police officers have been deployed in teams, platoons, and watches this meant that: (4)

Answer 57

Patrol officers work the same shift rotation
Patrol operations are based on a hierarchal and centralized military model of policing
There is an emphasis on command and control principles
There is a narrow range of police response options

Question 58

Traditionally, police officers have been deployed in teams, platoons, and watches. However this has a number of problems. (3)

Answer 58

(1) Insensitivity to community needs as officers deployed to one neighbourhood during a shift rotation are not redeployed to the same neighbourhood on the next rotation
2) Creativity is stifled among front-line Officers
3) Policing becomes internally focussed rather than having an external community focus

Question 59

There are a number of reasons why clearance rates should not be used as the only indicator of police effectiveness. (4)

Answer 59

1) Police officers do not spend most of their time chasing criminals
2) The crime rate should be interpreted carefully to determine the effectiveness of the police
3) Not all police officers serve In the same types of communities
4) Not all police officers are engaged in the same type of police work

Question 60

What are eight other ways to measure police performance and effectiveness.

Answer 60

1) The extent to which a police service has been successful in developing partnerships with a community
2) The experiences with an attitude toward the police held by community residents, particularly members of cultural and ethnic minorities
3) The experiences and attitudes toward the police of crime victims
4) The ability of the police service to solve serious crimes that involve violence, have multiple victims, and create fear in Community
5) The extent to which senior police administrators use contemporary management practices, are familiar with the research and current techniques of policy formulation and application, and are able to provide leadership
6) The moral and attitudes of line police officers, who are the core of the police organization
7) The success of particular individual police officers or a particular unit in meeting specific goals and objectives, which in turn are defined by the specific nature of their work
8) How the police service defines its core values and its ability to achieve organizational goals and objectives

Question 61

Community policing

Answer 61

a philosophy of management style, and an organizational strategy centered on police-community partnerships and problem solving and prevention (Three P’s) to address the conditions that contribute to crime, social disorder, and fear of crime in communities

Question 62

It must be noted that community policing incorporates many elements of the traditional police model while also extending and expanding the role, activities and objectives of police services and patrol officers. .Trojanowicz and Bucqueroux (1997) summarized the approach into three parts:

Answer 62

1) Organizational strategy and philosophy
2)Department wide commitment
3) Decentralization and personalization

Question 63

Organizational strategy and philosophy (2)

Answer 63

1) emphasis must be placed on promoting new partnerships between police and public.
2) It is predicated on the assumption that police and community will work together as equal partners to: identify, prioritize and solve contemporary problems.

Question 64

Department wide commitment

Answer 64

all personnel in the police service (civilian and sworn) must balance the need to maintain effective police response with the goal of exploring proactive initiatives aimed at solving problems before they arise or escalate.

Question 65

Decentralization and personalization

Answer 65

decentralizing opens up opportunities for front line officers to focus on community building, problem solving, and engagement in the neighborhoods.

Question 66

three P’s of community policing

Answer 66

police-community partnerships
problem solving
prevention

Question 67

Principles of Community Policing (7)

Answer 67

1) Citizens are responsible for becoming actively involved in identifying and responding to community problems
2) The community is a resource for operational information and crime control knowledge for police
3) Police are more directly accountable to the community
4) Police have a proactive and preventative role in the community beyond that of the traditional model
5) Police services should be representative of the communities they serve
6) Police operational structures should facilitate broad consultation on strategic and policing issues
7) Police must establish and maintain legitimacy through proactive initiatives and fair treatment of the public in order to gain confidence and trust

Question 68

community policing should focus on: (2)

Answer 68

1) crime and social disorder through the delivery of police services that include aspects of traditional law enforcement as well as prevention, problem solving and partnerships.
2) This model is intended to balance reactive responses to calls for service with proactive problem solving centered on the causes of crime and disorder.

Question 69

Elements of Community Policing are: (11)

Answer 69

Community consultation
Proactive approach
Problem oriented policing strategies
Responding to underlying issues
Interagency co-operation
Functioning as information managers
Reduce fear
Become career generalists
Greater responsibility and autonomy
Replace traditional hierarchy and paramilitary structures
Increase accountability to community

Question 70

community policing is NOT: (6)

Answer 70

a cure all for crime and disorder
a replacement for reactive police response and investigation
a single police initiative
the answer to all communities
an appendix to existing police organizational structures
able to address all crimes

Question 71

Problem Oriented Policing AKA Community-based Strategic Policing (3)

Answer 71

1) incorporates the key principles of community policing while at the same time includes a focus on security and crime, response and crime attack strategies, and a continued emphasis on crime prevention.
2) The emphasis here is on the importance of police services being strategic in their policies and operations.
3) incorporates a number of proactive, enforcement-oriented approaches in the context of strategic-partnerships involving the police and the community

Question 72

There are three core elements to POP

Answer 72

1) Organizational elements - how a police service is structured to implement community policing
2) External elements - police-community partnerships that enhance community policing and increase police legitimacy, visibility and accessibility
3) Tactical elements - the enforcement, prevention and problem-solving strategies of a police service.

Question 73

A key challenge and priority under the community policing model

Answer 73

is to obtain community partners, manage crime and disorder, and incorporate advancing technologies for crime fighting without distancing police services from the community and subsequently returning to traditional models of policing.

Question 74

Problem Oriented Policing Strategies
POP has four steps - S A R A

Answer 74

1) Scanning
2) Analysis
3) Response
4) Assessment

Question 75

Scanning (SARA)

Answer 75

Conducting preliminary inquiry to what else is needed. Some examples include:

crime analyses
community letters
probation and parole records
officer observations

Question 76

Analysis (SARA)

Answer 76

The most critical state that assists in determining cause, scope and impact of the problem.

Question 77

Response (SARA)

Answer 77

Implementing the analysis developed to create a tailored response to the problem. This can include:

Concentrating attention on the individuals identified as problematic
Connecting with other agencies
Mobilizing the community
Making use of existing social controls
Using civil law to control public nuisances

Question 78

Assessment (SARA)

Answer 78

The problem solving process is at this stage, and now the goal is to measure the effectiveness of the response.

Question 79

Criticisms of community policing (5)

Answer 79

1) is too soft an approach to the prevention of and response to crime
2) Police services become beholden to communities
3) Community policing is not real policing
4) Community policing is nothing new – we have always done it
5) It is too difficult to determine who and what the community is

Question 80

What are the two key pieces of legislation that relate to Ontario’s police forces?

Answer 80

1) Police services act 2) the adequacy and effectiveness of police services regulation, a.k.a. adequacy standards