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biology 152 > unit 2: plants > Flashcards

unit 2: plants Flashcards

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1
Q

services of plants

A

food, natural products, ecosystem services, culture,

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2
Q

group of plants that produce flowers, more recently evolved, largest group of plants

A

angiosperms

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3
Q

when did the invasion of land plants begin

A

475 Ma

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4
Q

challenges to land invasion of plants

A

maintain water in cells, structure, reproduction

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5
Q

what advantage led to land invasion

A

less competition for light

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6
Q

ancestor of land plants

A

green algae (charophyte)

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7
Q

traits of algaeshared with land plants

A

cellulose cell wall, chlorophyll a and b, sperm with anterior flagella,

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8
Q

traits allowing for land invasion

A

spores covered in sporopollenin, dispersal by wind, fresh water

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9
Q

charophyte life cycle

A

diploid zygote undergoes meiosis to create spores, leading to adult algae through mitosis

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10
Q

most stable bipolymer, decay resistant, dehydration resistant, UV protectant

A

sporopollenin

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11
Q

essential for acquiring nutrients, transformed land surface

A

mycorrhizal fungi

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12
Q

broke down rocks, died in soil (organic matter)

A

soil led to rivers which led to nutrients in oceans

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13
Q

arose in 425 Ma, caused rapid adaptation for life on land

A

vascular plants

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14
Q

slows water loss, inhibits gas exchange, stromata/pores needed

A

cuticle

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15
Q

major adaptations shared by all land plants

A

cuticle, pores/stromata, embryo

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16
Q

alternation of generations in life cycle

A

zygote undergoes mitosis to create sporophyte, then meiosis to spores, then mitosis to gametophyte

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17
Q

young sporophyte nourished by maternal tissue

A

embryo

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18
Q

liverworts, mosses, and hornworts, gametophyte dominant

A

bryophyte

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19
Q

what does a dominant gametophyte mean

A

sporophyte lives on and depends on gametophyte

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20
Q

sporophytes became larger and more complex as

A

vascular system was acquired

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21
Q

why did sporophyte dominance develop

A

so plants could grow taller (spore dispersal) and because gametophytes are constrained by water needs

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22
Q

sporophyte and gametophyte are independent

A

ferns

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23
Q

sporophyte dominant, involves conifers

A

gymnosperms

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24
Q

rely on soil water, actively control hydration, allow for bigger size, can carry out PS in dry conditions

A

vascular plants

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24
Q

outer layer of cells, protective

A

epidermis

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25
Q

major organ types of vascular plants

A

leaves, reproductive organs, stems (make up shoot) and roots

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26
Q

transports water through low resistance pathway

A

xylem (vascular tissue)

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27
Q

transports sugars

A

phloem (vascular tissue)

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28
Q

everything not epidermal or vascular tissue

A

ground tissue

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29
Q

common ground tissue

A

parenchyma, performs metabolism

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30
Q

cells lack cytoplasm and membrane, conduits, vessels, pits, angiosperm have higher transport capacity

A

xylem features

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31
Q

how water is pulled through xylem

A

evaporative pump

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32
Q

land, embryo, alternation of generations, stromata, cuticle

A

features of all land plants

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33
Q

long lives sporophyte, vascular system

A

ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms

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34
Q

seeds

A

gymnosperms and angiosperms

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35
Q

flowers

A

angiosperms

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36
Q

order of trait evolution

A

alt of gens, stromata, long lives sporophyte, vascular system, seeds, flowers

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37
Q

ecologically dominate, ovules and seeds enclosed in sporophyll, double fertilization

A

angiosperms

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38
Q

major innovation allowing sporophyte dominance

A

seed,

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39
Q

female gametophyte of angiosperms

A

stays on sporophyte

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40
Q

male gametophyte of angiosperms

A

becomes pollen grain

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41
Q

delivers male gametophyte (sperm) to female gametophyte

A

pollination

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42
Q

embryo and food supply

A

seed

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43
Q

where is pollen delivered to

A

ovule

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44
Q

angiosperm pollen delivery

A

pollen goes into carpel tissue (ovule encased in sporo carpel)

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45
Q

why are seeds better than spores

A

seed remain dormant until environment is favorable, seeds have food supply, seeds can be transported by animals

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46
Q

do seed plants make spores

A

yes, but they are not dispersed, become gametophytes

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47
Q

fertilized ovule

A

seed

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48
Q

structure derived from ovary, encloses seed

A

flower

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49
Q

ovary, style, and stigma

A

pistil (female)

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50
Q

female gametophyte make up

A

7 cells, 8 nuclei

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51
Q

where male gameophyte is made

A

anther and filament (stamen)

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52
Q

sporophyll with pollen sacs containing pollen

A

stamen

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53
Q

male gametophyte make up

A

3 cells, creates 4 spores and 4 gametophytes each

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54
Q

path of pollen

A

stigma, style, ovules

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55
Q

triploid cell created in double fertilization

A

endosperm

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56
Q

spore undergoes what process to become gametophyte

A

mitosis

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57
Q

ovule undergoes what to become seed

A

fertilization

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58
Q

ovary and carpel tissue undergo what to become fruit

A

fertilization

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59
Q

what happens when pollen touches appropriate stigma

A

travels pollen tube

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60
Q

grow down style, find egg cell

A

pollen tubes

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61
Q

unique to angiosperm

A

double fertilization

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62
Q

pollen tube delivers one sperm to egg creating

A

zygote and embryo

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63
Q

other sperm delivered to two polar nuclei creating

A

endosperm

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64
Q

nutritive tissue that feeds embryo

A

endosperm

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65
Q

contains 2 cotyledons

A

eudicots

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66
Q

contains 1 cotyledon

A

monocot

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67
Q

contain meristem tissue, involved in primary growth

A

apical and axillary bud

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68
Q

elongates shoots and roots, produces leaves and reproductive structures

A

primary growth

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69
Q

is plant growth indeterminate (stops at a size)

A

no

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70
Q

determined by location

A

plant cell function

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71
Q

do zones stay with the tip?

A

yes

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72
Q

zones from top to end of tip

A

zone of differentiation, zone of elongation, zone of cell division

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73
Q

uptakes water and nutrients

A

roots

74
Q

what type of tissue does primary growth form

A

vascular, ground, dermal

75
Q

examples of dermal tissue

A

epidermis, guard cells, lower epidermis

76
Q

examples of ground tissue

A

mesophyll, bundle sheath cell, pith, cortex

77
Q

examples of vascular tissue

A

vascular bundle, xylem, phloem, vein,

78
Q

does secondary growth occur in monocots

A

no

79
Q

what happens in secondary growth

A

a secondary xylem and phloem forms, a cork cambium forms to create bark,

80
Q

positive tropism

A

towards stimuli

81
Q

negative stimuli

A

away from stimuli

82
Q

heliotropism

A

light stimuli, grows toward

83
Q

thigmotropism

A

touch stimuli

84
Q

signal transduction pathway of tropisms

A

reception, relay proteins and secondary messengers, activation of responses

85
Q

cells on shaded side elongate faster, curves toward light

A

phototropism

86
Q

protein that is stimulated by blue light, leading to signals for phototropism

A

phototropin

87
Q

shade results in

A

differential activation of phototropin

88
Q

indoleactic acid, transmits signals, constantly made while tip growing, when light from side, differential activation

A

auxin

89
Q

auxin binds to receptor that stimulates membrane bound proton pump, cell wall becomes more acidic, low pH activates expansins, separates polysaccharides, expansin increases cell wall extensability, osmosis draws water into cell, cell expands

A

acid growth hypothesis

90
Q

rings in trunk correlate with

A

tree age

91
Q

senses light in tip of plant

A

phototropin

92
Q

if no auxin present

A

no cell expansion (division but not elongation)

93
Q

process instigated by changes in hormone concentration, response to changes in light and temperature

A

leaf abscission

94
Q

chlorophyll production stops, nutrients and sugars moved to stem and roots for storage, cells divide but don’t expand

A

leaf abscission

95
Q

present in green leaves

A

chlorophyll

96
Q

present in yellow leaves

A

xanthaphylls

97
Q

present in orange leaves

A

carotenes

98
Q

aid in light absorption during photosynthesis

A

carotenoids

99
Q

are colors of yellow and orange always the same

A

yes

100
Q

present in red leaves

A

anthrocyanins

101
Q

conditions that favor photosynthesis

A

increase brilliance of red

102
Q

only tannins left in leaves

A

brown leaves

103
Q

cells divide but don’t expand, cells walls broken down, cells begin to separate,

A

leaf abscission

104
Q

primary purpose is absorption of light and CO2 for PS

A

leaves

105
Q

reasons leaves are thin

A

diffusion difference shorter for CO2, more light absorbed,

106
Q

60 percent of mesophyll, little air volume, lots of chloroplasts

A

palisade mesophyll

107
Q

40 percent of mesophyll, lots of air volume, fewer chloroplasts

A

spongy mesophyll

108
Q

which type of mesophyll is used more for photosynthesis

A

palisade

109
Q

why is spongy mesophyll present

A

diffuses CO2 faster

110
Q

why did the structure of leaves evolve

A

to maximize absorption of light in the wavelengths that drive PS

111
Q

allows leaves to regulate water loss and carbon gain

A

stromata

112
Q

restricts water loss from leaves but inhibits CO2 uptake

A

cuticle

113
Q

light reflecting back into palisade mesophyll from spongy

A

backscatter

114
Q

the greater number of air water interfaces in spongy mesophyll allows for more

A

light absorption in palisade chloroplasts

115
Q

what adds most of plant mass

A

CO2

116
Q

where do light reactions and the calvin cycle occur

A

chloroplast

117
Q

what does the calvin cycle produce

A

NADP, ADP, and sugars

118
Q

what do light reactions produce

A

ATP, NADPH, and oxygen

119
Q

what is needed for a light reaction

A

light and water

120
Q

occurs in stroma, creates sugars

A

calvin cycle

121
Q

what fixes inorganic CO2 into a biochemical molecule

A

rubisco

122
Q

what reactions use rubisco

A

calvin cycle and photorespiration, fix carbon and oxygen respectively

123
Q

why is photorespiration not efficient

A

fixes oxygen, decreases amount of sugar made per light absorbed, happens under stress

124
Q

why does rubsico fix oxygen

A

evolved a ta time of high CO2

125
Q

separates light reactions and calvin cycle, mesophyll (PEP C) and bundle sheath (rubisco), good for high light, dry env

A

C4 photosynthesis

126
Q

steps of C4 PS

A

PEP C fixes CO2 in mesophyll, organic acid moved to bundle sheath, rubsico fixes CO2, calvin cycle

127
Q

what does C4 PS eliminate

A

photorespiration

128
Q

C4 benefits

A

high PS capacity, high yield, high water use efficiency

129
Q

C4 drawbacks

A

CO2 pump costs lots of ATP

130
Q

do all plants do C3 PS

A

YES

131
Q

separated temporally, similar to C4

A

CAM PS

132
Q

CO2 stored at night, occurs in one cell, eliminates photorespiration, good for dry, hot environments

A

CAM PS

133
Q

3 common types of CAM plants

A

desert, epiphyte, aquatic

134
Q

in CAM, when doe rubisco work

A

day

135
Q

do all plants have bundle sheath cells

A

yes

136
Q

how does CAM take CO2 at night

A

PEP C

137
Q

what does water hydrogen bonding allow

A

universal solvent, cohesive, adhesive

138
Q

method of water transport, high to low conc, occurs due to random molecule movement, no membrane necessary

A

diffusion

139
Q

method of water transport, driven by pressure gradient, transport over large distances

A

mass flow

140
Q

specialized diffusion over selectively permeable membrane, water potential determines direction of movement

A

osmosis

141
Q

equation for water potential

A

potential = pressure potential + solute potential

142
Q

water moves from high potential to

A

low potential

143
Q

solute potential becomes more negative as

A

solutes become more concentrated

144
Q

what is the equilibrium water potential of two small cells

A

the average of both water potentials

145
Q

why do plants need water

A

photosynthesis, expand and grow cells, transpiration

146
Q

what is the WP of a small cell at equilibrium in a big beaker

A

the WP of the beakers

147
Q

evaporation of water out of stomata, provides transport of nutrients from roots to leaves, cools leaves, allows stomata to stay open for CO2 absorption

A

transpiration

148
Q

what percent of water is used for transpiration

A

95 percent

149
Q

drives flow of water out of leaf

A

vapor pressure difference

150
Q

pressure exerted by a vapor on a liquid

A

vapor pressure

151
Q

low humidity means

A

low vapor pressure

152
Q

partial pressure of water vapor over saturated (possible) vapor pressure

A

relative humidity

153
Q

where is vapor pressure always higher

A

inside the leaf, evaporates out

154
Q

VP inside leaf - VP outside leaf

A

VPD

155
Q

lower relative humidity will

A

increase VPD

156
Q

stomatal conductance

A

how many and how open stomata are

157
Q

what determines how open stomata are

A

guard cells

158
Q

steps of guard cells opening stomata

A

make ATP in chloroplasts through PS, use to pump protons out, ions taken up creating gradient, solutes accumulate, decreasing WP, osmotic water uptake, cell swells opening stomata

159
Q

is stomata opening energy dependent

A

yes

160
Q

increasing CO2 concentration means

A

stomata close (low conc is when open and lots of PS)

161
Q

increasing VPD means

A

stomata close (dry air)

162
Q

increased leaf temp means

A

stomata open until too hot

163
Q

increased light means

A

stomata open

164
Q

dryer soil means

A

stomata closed

165
Q

how much water is needed for transpiration

A

a LOT

166
Q

increased plant size means

A

increased water needed

167
Q

what cells move water

A

xylem cells (trachids and vessels in conduits)

168
Q

tracheids and vessels of xylem

A

are dead when functioning, have 2 cell walls, elongated

169
Q

how is water moved from roots to leaves

A

pulled along a gradient in negative pressure potential

170
Q

water within a plant is

A

in a continuous network

171
Q

how is water held up

A

surface tension of tiny menisci that form in microfibrils and adhere water to cellulose, forms water columns from xylem to evaporation site

172
Q

what forms a negative pressure at the site of evaporation

A

a pointy meniscus, means stomata open

173
Q

where does water travel to

A

site of evaporation through mass flow driven by the negative gradient

174
Q

cohesion tension theory

A

drop in pressure potential creates a gradient in the plant, potential is highest near soil, lowest at top of plant

174
Q

how is cohesion involved

A

cohesion keeps water columns intact

174
Q

highest to lowest pressure potential of plant

A

soil, root, stem, leaf, atmosphere

175
Q

why do plants need phloem

A

to move sugars from leaves to other parts

176
Q

what does the phloem move

A

low weight sugars, oligosaccharides (photosynthates)

177
Q

why are low weight sugars good

A

strong impact on solute potential, soluble in water, stable

178
Q

examples of sources for phloem sugars

A

leaves, PS stems, storage in cells and roots

179
Q

examples of phloem sinks

A

roots, developing leaves, reproductive structures, stems, meristems

180
Q

parts of phloem

A

sieve tubes and ccells

181
Q

sieve tubes and cells

A

are alive, have cell membrane, thick walls, elongated, very modified cytoplasm (no nucleus)

biology 152 (3 decks)

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