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biology 152 > unit 1: evolution > Flashcards

unit 1: evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

living species show

A

common ancestry

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2
Q

do individuals evolve?

A

no, populations evolve

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3
Q

geographic distribution of living organisms

A

biogeography

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4
Q

change in the frequency of alleles in a population

A

evolution

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5
Q

loss of all variants except one

A

fixation

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6
Q

traits whose similarities are explained through common ancestry

A

homology

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7
Q

tendency for genetic variants that enhance fitness to go to fixation

A

natural selection

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8
Q

existence of multiple variants within a population

A

polymorphism

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9
Q

fossil taxa that have some of the derived traits of a living group

A

transitional fossil

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10
Q

hierarchical nesting of biological taxa

A

classification

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11
Q

type of reproduction that yields a tree for

A

asexual reproduction

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12
Q

homogenizes populations

A

sex

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13
Q

glues local populations together

A

gene flow

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14
Q

lineages isolated for long enough

A

lose ability to interbreed (speciation)

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15
Q

all the descendants of an ancestral lineage

A

clade

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16
Q

represents lineage splitting

A

node

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17
Q

remove tips or clades from tree without changing the topology

A

pruning

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18
Q

list of all clades in a tree

A

topology

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19
Q

biological classifications

A

taxonomy

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20
Q

if there are multiple hypotheses, the most likely is the most simple

A

parsimony

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21
Q

same trait develops separately in 1 or more lineages

A

convergent evolution

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22
Q

trait lost and never reevolves

A

reversal

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23
Q

recency of common ancestor

A

relatedness

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24
Q

are all living species equally evolved?

A

yes

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25
Q

unethical attempts to increaser the frequency of desirable traits

A

eugenics

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26
Q

no change in underlying heritable traits

A

phenotype plasticity

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27
Q

particular variant of a gene

A

allele

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28
Q

place in genome where alleles are encoded

A

locus

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29
Q

majority of traits are

A

continuous

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30
Q

more than one allele at given locus

A

polymorphic

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31
Q

no new alleles, mating is random, all alleles equally fit, population is infinitely large

A

harvey weinburg assumptions

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32
Q

2pq

A

equation for frequency of heterozygote

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33
Q

gains and losses are

A

equally likely

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34
Q

changed caused by the environment leads to

A

plasticity

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35
Q

allele that enhances fitness

A

beneficial mutation

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36
Q

allele that decreases fitness

A

deleterious mutation

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37
Q

selection that arises when one allele consistently raises fitness, beneficial allele will be fixed eventually

A

directional selection

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38
Q

most traits are

A

genetically complex

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39
Q

in haploids, allele frequency equals

A

genotype frequency

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40
Q

x+y/2 =

A

frequency of A1

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41
Q

z+y/2 =

A

frequency of A2

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42
Q

occurs when genotypes differ in fitness

A

directional selection

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43
Q

average number of offspring produced by one genotype relative to another

A

relative fitness

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44
Q

violates assumption that populations are infinitely large, allele frequency always changing

A

genetic drift

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45
Q

population lineage shrinks to small size for a period, decreasing variation

A

genetic bottleneck

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46
Q

genetic drift only overpowers directional selection if

A

small allele frequency and small population

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47
Q

frequency of deleterious alleles that have accumulated in a population

A

genetic load

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48
Q

compare homozygote to other homozygote (compare offspring or reproductive ability)

A

relative fitness

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49
Q

explains adaptive change

A

directional selection

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50
Q

when no genetic variation

A

evolution stops

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51
Q

the rate of mutations is independent of

A

need

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52
Q

when differing fitness, causes fixation of favored, variation replaced by mutation

A

directional selection

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53
Q

probability that an allele is fixed under drift is

A

equal to its frequency

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54
Q

genetic drift means

A

small populations have less genetic variation and are vulnerable to pathogens

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55
Q

result in genetic disorders

A

deleterious alleles

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56
Q

influenced by mutation rate and strength of selection

A

frequency of a disease

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57
Q

tend to have higher prevalence because mutant alleles can hide in carriers

A

recessive disease alleles

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58
Q

expected frequency of dominant lethal alleles is equal to

A

mutation rate

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59
Q

can result in different frequencies of disorders

A

genetic drift

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60
Q

heterozygotes have highest fitness, conserves both alleles in a population

A

overdominant selection

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61
Q

both alleles preserved

A

polymorphism

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62
Q

extent to which variation in a continuous trait has a genetic basis

A

heritability

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63
Q

is all variation heritable

A

no, there is a mix of genetic and environmental variation

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64
Q

mean of reproducing individuals minus mean of whole population

A

strength of selection (s)

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65
Q

mean of offspring generation minus mean of parent population

A

response to selection (r)

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66
Q

heritability

A

h^2

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67
Q

breeders EQ

A

r = h^2 x s

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68
Q

individual who is heterozygous for disease

A

carrier

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69
Q

selection in which heterozygote has lowest fitness

A

underdominant selection

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70
Q

alleles shared between closely related species

A

trans-species polymorphisms

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71
Q

selection that favors trait values at the extremes

A

disruptive selection

72
Q

shape of distribution when disruptive selection and assortative mating

A

bimodal

73
Q

selection that disfavors extremes, favors average individual

A

stabilizing selection

74
Q

complex traits

A

multiple coordinated components

75
Q

dramatic traits in an organism that decrease and organisms variability but evolve because they are favored by sexual selection

A

exaggerated secondary sexual selection

76
Q

secondary sexual characteristics become exaggerated due to feedback between male traits and female preferences

A

runaway sexual selection

77
Q

movement to breed for desirable traits, unethical

A

eugenics

78
Q

does heritability tells us about differences between groups

A

no

79
Q

occurs when fitness is highest near the middle of the distribution (common when on stable adaptive peak)

A

stabilizing selection

80
Q

reduces trait variation

A

stabilizing selection

81
Q

increases trait variation

A

disruptive selection

82
Q

traits that reduce individual ability to survive, caused by

A

sexual selection

83
Q

fitness gain from mating outweighs fitness cost for survival

A

sexual selection

84
Q

speciation driven by geographic isolation

A

allopatric speciation

85
Q

phenomenon in which individual organisms tend to mate with other organisms with traits like theirs

A

assortative mating

86
Q

species defined by ability of members to reproduce and interbreed

A

biological species concept

87
Q

gradual changes in traits as a function of geo separation

A

clinal variation

88
Q

genetic variation among geo separated populations where each population contains genetically similar individuals

A

discrete variation

89
Q

2 organisms no longer able to reproduce

A

intrinsic reproductive isolation

90
Q

view that species are defined by clades

A

phylogenetic species concept

91
Q

splitting of ancestral species into distinct species

A

speciation

92
Q

speciation without geographic isolation, RARE, driven by assortative mating

A

sympatric speciation

93
Q

females choose desirable males and have desirable sons, increasing fitness

A

female choosiness, leads to sexual dimorphism

94
Q

species are populations, applies only to sexual taxa

A

biological species concept

95
Q

species are taxa, products of evolution

A

phylogenetic species concept

96
Q

subspecific groups need to be genetically distinct

A

subspecies on tree

97
Q

focuses on the evolution of reproductive incompatibility

A

speciation biology

98
Q

if a mutation decreases reproductive ability

A

the allele is selected against

99
Q

trait that is beneficial in a species for one function but originated to fulfill a different function

A

expatation

100
Q

evidence that all cellular life shares common ancestry

A

proteins, L amino acids, genetic molecules, genetic system, metabolic system

101
Q

reduction of CO2 to organic molecules using light energy, no O2 released

A

anoxygenic photosynthesis

102
Q

theory that mitochondria and nucleus both evolved within the same eukaryotic lineage

A

autogenous hypothesis for eukaryotes

103
Q

clade of bacteria characterized by ability to perform oxygenic photosynthesis

A

cyanobacteria

104
Q

phenomenon in which prokaryotic cell comes to live and divide within a host cell

A

endosymbiosis

105
Q

theory that mitochondria are derived from endosymbiotic bacteria taken up by host cells whose genome is found in the eukaryotic nucleus

A

endosymbiotic hypothesis for eukaryotes

106
Q

cells with outer membrane and internal membrane bound organelles

A

eukaryotes

107
Q

theory for development of eukaryote internal compartments that suggests outer plasma membrane or prokaryote ancestor was pushed outward

A

inside out theory

108
Q

most recent common ancestor of all life

A

LUCA

109
Q

theory for the development of eukaryotes that starts with production of vesicles within cytoplasm by internalization

A

outside in theory

110
Q

reduction of CO2 to organic molecules using light energy in which water is the electron donor, 02 gas released

A

oxygenic photosynthesis

111
Q

cells with an outer membrane containing no internal membrane structures

A

prokaryotes

112
Q

rapid expansions of clades to give rise to many diverse species adapted to different ecological niches

A

adaptive radiations

113
Q

a clade of tetrapods characterized by an egg that can persist on dry land, complex lungs, protective skin

A

amniotes

114
Q

a clade characterized by exoskeletons

A

arthropods

115
Q

specialized filter feeding structures found in whales

A

baleen

116
Q

trait of having a single plane of symmetry

A

bilateral symmetry

117
Q

first period of the paleozoic era, rapid radiation of bilaterians

A

cambrian period

118
Q

cycle of measures and countermeasures between interacting lineages

A

evolutionary arms race

119
Q

trait that allows a lineage to occupy a new niche

A

key innovation

120
Q

clade of eukaryotes characterized by flagellum

A

opisthokont clade

121
Q

traits in a lineage that existed prior to a transition that give that lineage some advantage in a new ecological niche

A

pre adaptations

122
Q

rapid expansions of clades to give rise to many species

A

radiations

123
Q

idea that populations must keep adapting via directional selection because other species with which they interact are also constantly evolving

A

red queen principle

124
Q

clade of vertabrates characterized by four limbs and lungs

A

tetrapods

125
Q

theories to explain how life developed

A

self replicating RNA, protocell, surface associated chemical ecosystem

126
Q

was there life before LUCA

A

yes

127
Q

how do prokaryotic archaea differ from bacteria

A

membrane chemistry, genetic systems (similar to euks)

128
Q

only cells that can do oxygenic photosynthesis

A

cyanobacteria

129
Q

more cells in humans are

A

bacteria

130
Q

ozone layer built up, high oxygen levels, chemical env of earth changes

A

results of cyanobacteria

131
Q

mitochondria derived from

A

alpha proteobacteria

132
Q

chloroplasts (plastids) derived from

A

cyanobacteria

133
Q

two competing theories for mitochondria

A

endosymbiotic (own genome) and autogenous

134
Q

merger of bacterial and archaeal lineages

A

eukaryotes

135
Q

oxygenic photosynthesis, invasion of land, agriculture and tech

A

evolutionary events that changed the planet

136
Q

adapted to tree climbing, mainly eat fruit

A

arthropoids

137
Q

are modern chimpanzees the ancestors of humans

A

no, they share a common ancestor

138
Q

apes remained in forested adaptive zones, resulting in

A

stabilizing selection

139
Q

homonins (human ancestors) transition to more open grassy environments, resulting in

A

directional selection

140
Q

hypotheses for the evolution of bipedal movement

A

looking for predators or prey, carrying stuff and throwing, more efficient

141
Q

gradual shift to meat eating then hunting using rocks

A

scavenger hypothesis

142
Q

resulted in sweat glands, lighter frame, longer legs, less hair

A

hunting in daytime african savanna

143
Q

selected for overarm throwing (result of clasping hands, binocular vision, shoulder flexibility)

A

hunting

144
Q

required technological and social coordination, led to tools, larger brain, true language

A

hunting

145
Q

face muscles, white eyes, laughing, crying, democracy

A

physical and behavioral traits of humans

146
Q

technology and teamwork led to

A

homonin migration

147
Q

recent spread of humans explains why

A

genetically homogeneous and why genetic diversity decreases with distance from africa

148
Q

is the homonin clade tree like

A

no, very complex evolution

149
Q

Fst

A

measure of genetic differentiation between populations

150
Q

why does reproductive isolation not typically evolve within a single population?

A

Because individuals that cannot mate with other members of their population generally have lower fitness

151
Q

What is the most important role of geographical isolation in allopatric speciation?

A

The splitting of the ancestral population into geographically isolated regions prevents them from exchanging genes

152
Q

What provides the best evidence of universal common ancestry?

A

Traits that are not obviously essential or optimal yet they are still shared by all cellular life

153
Q

how long ago did life originate on Earth?

A

4 Ga

154
Q

what were important effects of oxygenic photosynthesis?

A

The accumulation of ozone which shielded the earth from ultraviolet light and helped make land more easily colonized, The “rusting” of the oceans as dissolved Fe(II) was oxidized into reddish Fe(III), A change to the atmosphere that allowed for the evolution of large aerobically respiring species such as eukaryotes

155
Q

What character is was NOT likely to be present in LUCA, the last universal common ancestor?

A

Aerobic respiration

156
Q

What is the difference between oxygenic photosynthesis (OP) and anoxygenic photosynthesis (AP)?

A

In OP oxygen in H2O is the electron donor; in AP H2S is the electron donor

157
Q

responsible for cycling of elements such as C, N, S, and Fe

A

bacteria

158
Q

Where does the nucleus come from under the outside in model

A

Internalization of the plasma membrane

159
Q

Where does the nucleus come from under the inside-out model?

A

The original cell, which became surrounded by the cytoplasm

160
Q

What about the recently discovered Asgard archaea, the closest relatives of eukaryotes so-far discovered, supports the inside-out theory

A

The cell have extracellular protrusions that interact with ectosymbiotic prokaryotes

161
Q

What trait(s) differentiates humans from other great apes

A

bipedality, knee locking, twisted upper arm

162
Q

About when did anatomically modern humans migrate out of Africa

A

100 Ka

163
Q

sexually dimorphic means likely

A

polygamy

164
Q

Which is the best explanation for why exaggerated secondary sexual characteristics are more common in males than females

A

Because males often differ greatly in mating success, selection more strongly favors traits that improve mating success (even if they lower survival)

165
Q

What does an internode on a phylogenetic tree represent

A

A set of local populations linked together by enough gene flow that they tend to remain genetically similar

166
Q

What does a node on a phylogenetic tree represent?

A

When the descendant lineages first became genetically isolated, splitting of ancestral population lineages, and last common ancestor of the clade

167
Q

all the descendants of a particular ancestral lineage

A

clade

168
Q

The rate at which a particular kind of mutation occurs is independent of the fitness of the resulting allele

A

true

169
Q

Is a change in the environment necessary for evolution by directional natural selection

A

no

170
Q

explains why organisms tend to be well adapted, can only act on loci that have at least two alleles segregating, requires genotypes differ in fitness, non random

A

directional selection

171
Q

What needs to apply for a trait in two species to be homologous

A

two traits are homologous if they derived from the same evolutionary origin

172
Q

what type of disease allele occurs at the highest frequency (under directional selection)

A

large gene, recessive, mildly deleterious

173
Q

Why does local inbreeding increase the incidence of genetic disorders

A

It lowers the population size, increasing the rate of genetic drift AND it leads to more homozygous individuals who will express recessive genetic disorders

174
Q

eugenics fails to consider

A

environment

175
Q

genetic drift can cause fixation of deleterious alleles, population might lose so much variation all are susceptible to same disease, beneficial alleles may be lost despite being favored

A

problems with small populations

176
Q
A

biology 152 (3 decks)

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