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Higher Human > Unit 2 - Physiology and health > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Physiology and health Flashcards

1
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex cells produced by meiosis

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2
Q

Where are sperm produced?

A

Sperm cells are produced in the seminiferous tubules in the testes

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3
Q

What hormone is produced by interstitial cells?

A

The interstitial cells or the testes produce the hormone testosterone

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4
Q

Where does the fluid that maintains viability and motility of the sperm come from?

A

The prostate gland and seminal vesicles

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5
Q

What is a follicle?

A

A follicle is a cluster of cells in the ovary that matures to release an ovum

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6
Q

Describe maturation of ova

A

Ovaries contain germline cells which become immature ova, all ovum are surrounded by follicles. Follicles release hormones which help mature the ova.

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7
Q

How is a blastocyst formed?

A

The zygote undergoes mitosis to produce a blastocyst, which implants into the endometrium and develops into an embryo

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8
Q

State the role of the seminiferous tubules

A

Very narrow tubes in the testes in which sperm cells are produced

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9
Q

State the role of the interstitial cells

A

They are the cells in the testes found between the seminiferous tubules; they produce testosterone

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10
Q

State the role of testosterone

A

Steroid hormone produced by interstitial cells

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11
Q

State the role of the prostate gland

A

Produces the fluid that makes up part of the semen

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12
Q

State the role of the seminal vesicles

A

Glands producing fluid that forms part of the semen

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13
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

A cellular structure that implants and becomes the embryo and placenta

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14
Q

What does a follicle produce after ovulation?

A

A corpus luteum that produces testosterone

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15
Q

What is oestrogen?

A

A hormone produced by the ovary that helps in the repair and thickening of the endometrium after fertilistation

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16
Q

What is progesterone?

A

A hormone produced by the ovary that thickens and vascularises the endometrium

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17
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A fertilized egg cell

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18
Q

What is an endocrine gland?

A

The gland that produces and releases hormones

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19
Q

What is FSH?

A

A pituitary hormone that controls the development of follicles in ovaries and sperm production in males

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20
Q

Describe the follicular phase

A

FSH stimulates the development of a follicle and the production of oestrogen by the follicle. Oestrogen stimulates the repair of endometrium & thickens cervical mucus. Peak levels of oestrogen act on the pituitary gland and stimulate a surge in LH secretion triggering ovulation.

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21
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

The region of the brain that secretes releaser hormones at puberty

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22
Q

What is ICSH?

A

A hormone from the pituitary gland that stimulates testosterone production in the interstitial cells

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23
Q

Describe the luteal phase.

A

Remaining cells of follicle develop > corpus luteum & start to secrete progesterone which promotes vascularisation of endometrium preparing for a blastocyst, it also causes thickening of cervical mucus.

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24
Q

What is LH?

A

A pituitary hormone that triggers ovulation and corpus luteum development

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25
Q

How long does the menstrual cycle last?

A

28 days, ovulation occurs at 16 days

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26
Q

What is menstruation?

A

The removal of the endometrium and unfertilised egg cell at the end of a menstrual cycle

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27
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

A system maintaining a steady state in various body systems

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28
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

A gland in the brain that releases many hormones

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29
Q

What is artificial insemination (AI)?

A

The insertion of donated sperm directly into the uterus

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30
Q

What is IVF?

A

A medical procedure involving fertilization or eggs by sperm in laboratory containers

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31
Q

What is ICSI?

A

The injection of sperm directly into the egg during IVF

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32
Q

What is pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)?

A

The genetic profiling of embryos prior to implantation during fertility treatments

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33
Q

What is an allele?

A

A form of a gene coding for a version of a characteristic

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34
Q

Describe amniocentesis

A

Used to asses the health of the foetus using cells from the amniotic fluid. Cells are cultured to produce a karyotype.

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35
Q

What is an anomaly scan?

A

Antenatal ultrasound scan that checks for physical abnormalities

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36
Q

What is antenatal screening?

A

The use of tests to identify risk of disorder before birth

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37
Q

Define the term autosomal dominant

A

Allele that is always expressed in the phenotype

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38
Q

Define the term autosomal recessive

A

Only expressed in the phenotype if homozygous

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39
Q

What is CVS?

A

Another test for abnormalities. A prenatal test using cells from the placenta. This is more invasive than amniocentesis and a higher risk of miscarriage

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40
Q

At what number of weeks does the embryo become a fetus?

A

8

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41
Q

Define the term incomplete dominance

A

When an allele is not completely masked by a dominant allele, this affecting and individuals phenotype

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42
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

A display of matched chromosomes for medical purposes

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43
Q

What is postnatal screening?

A

Diagnostic testing of new born babies

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44
Q

What is prenatal testing?

A

The identification of the risk of disorders in unborn babies

45
Q

What is Rhesus antibody testing?

A

The test to show if a person carries rhesus antibodies in their blood

46
Q

What is ultrasound scanning?

A

A diagnostic procedure used for various prenatal checks, such as establishing the stage of pregnancy and the due date of the baby

47
Q

What is an arteriole?

A

The branch of an artery leading to capillaries

48
Q

What is an artery?

A

A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart under high pressure

49
Q

Describe a capillary

A

Narrow, thin walled allowing material exchange

50
Q

What is the endothelium?

A

The layer of cells that lines the inner surface of blood vessels

51
Q

What is the lumen?

A

The central channel of a tube such as a blood vessel

52
Q

What is lymph fluid?

A

The fluid made up of tissue fluid collected into lymph vessels which circulates the body

53
Q

Describe the Lymphatic system

A

The high pressure of arteriole blood causes pressure filtration, leading to capillaries exuding plasma. This becomes the tissue fluid which bathed the cells. Tissue fluid exchanges material with the cells and returns to the capillaries (by osmosis and diffusion).

54
Q

What is the role of lymph vessels?

A

They are tiny vessels in which lymph circulates around the body

55
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water from a high conc. to a low conc. through a selectively permeable membrane.

56
Q

Define pressure filtration

A

The passage of molecules through membranes under pressure

57
Q

What is tissue fluid?

A

The fluid which bathes cells in tissues; derived from blood

58
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

The narrowing of blood vessels to decrease blood flow

59
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

The widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow

60
Q

What is a vein?

A

A blood vessel that transports blood towards the heart under low pressure. They contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood

61
Q

What’s a venule?

A

The small branch of a vein

62
Q

What is acetylcholine?

A

A neurotransmitter released by parasympathetic nerve fibers

63
Q

Define antagonistic

A

The opposing actions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

64
Q

What is atrial diastole?

A

The part of the cardiac cycle in which the heart muscle of the atria relaxes

65
Q

What is atrial systole?

A

The part of the cardiac cycle in which the heart muscle of the atria contracts

66
Q

What is the AVN? (Atrio-ventricular node)

A

The nervous tissue found at the junction between the atria and the ventricles

67
Q

What is the AV? (Atrio-ventricular valve)

A

The heart valve found between the atria and the ventricle

68
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system? (ANS)

A

It controls involuntary action of smooth and cardiac muscle and glads

69
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

The contraction and relaxation of the heart muscles in one beat

70
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood expelled from one ventricle of the heart per minute

71
Q

What causes coronary heart disease?

A

The blockage of coronary arteries

72
Q

What is diastole?

A

The part of the cardiac cycle where the cardiac muscle is relaxed

73
Q

What is an electrocardiogram?

A

A record of electrical activity in the heart; used to detect abnormalities

74
Q

Why is hypertension?

A

Abnormally high blood pressure in arteries

75
Q

What does the medulla control?

A

It’s the part of brain that controls Heart and breathing rate

76
Q

What is nor-adrenaline?

A

A hormone and neurotransmitter

77
Q

What are the parasympathetic nerves to the heart?

A

Nerve fibers which result in s decrease in heart rate; part of the autonomic nervous system.

78
Q

What are semi-lunar valves?

A

Valves leading into the main arteries leaving the heart

79
Q

What is the sino-atrial node? (SAN)

A

Th region of nervous tissue in the wall of the right atrium; receives impulse from the medulla

80
Q

What is a sphygmomanometer?

A

The instrument used to measure blood pressure

81
Q

What is the stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood expelled from the left ventricle during one cardiac cycle

82
Q

What is the sympathetic nerve accelerator nerve?

A

The nerve fiber that stimulates an increase in heart rate; part of the autonomic nervous system

83
Q

What is systole?

A

The part of the cardiac cycle when the cardiac muscle is contracted

84
Q

Describe ventricular diastole

A

Part of the cardiac cycle in which the cardiac muscle of the ventricles relaxes

85
Q

Describe ventricular systole?

A

Part of the cardiac cycle in which the cardiac muscle of the ventricles contracts

86
Q

What is angina?

A

Chest pain caused when blood supply is to the heart is restricted

87
Q

Wha is an atheroma?

A

Swelling on the inner wall of an artery made up of fatty material and connective tissues

88
Q

Define atherosclerosis

A

A potentially serious condition in which atheromas clog the arteries

89
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

A lipid molecule needed for cell membranes and in synthesizing steroid hormones

90
Q

What is deep vein thrombosis? (DVT)

A

A blood clot in a deep vein, often in the leg

91
Q

What is an embolus?

A

Any detached mass of material carried by circulation

92
Q

What is Familial hypercholesterolaemia?

A

An inherited condition in which LDLs are at a higher than normal level in the blood

93
Q

What is fibrin?

A

The protein that helps form a blood clot

94
Q

What is fibrinogen?

A

Blood protein that is converted to fibrin during the blood clotting g process

95
Q

What is high-density lipoprotein?

A

Carries excess cholesterol away from body cells and artery surfaces > liver for elimination

96
Q

What is an LDL receptor?

A

A receptor that recognizes LDLs and encourages their uptake

97
Q

What is lipoprotein?

A

An assembly of protein with lipid that enables movement of lipid in water and through membranes

98
Q

What is low-density lipoprotein? (LDL)

A

Carries cholesterol to body cells; if they have enough cholesterol LDL may deposit cholesterol leading to atheroma in arteries

99
Q

What is a myocardial infarction?

A

Medical term for a heart attack; blood flow > heart is reduced

100
Q

What is peripheral vascular disorder?

A

A condition caused by a blockage to arteries other than coronary arteries, the aorta or those in the brain

101
Q

What is prothrombin?

A

A blood component important in clothing; it is converted to thrombin during clotting

102
Q

What is the purpose of statin?

A

A medicine that helps lower LDLs in the blood

103
Q

What is thrombin?

A

Produced from prothrombin during blood clotting

104
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

A blood clot within a blood vessel

105
Q

What is adrenaline?

A

A hormone that stimulates the release of glucose from glycogen during stress or exercise

106
Q

What is glucagon?

A

A hormone produced by the pancreas that stimulates the conversion of glycogen into glucose molecules in the liver

107
Q

What is glycogen?

A

A storage carbohydrate located in the liver and muscle tissues

108
Q

Define homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a steady state in the cells of a living organism

109
Q

What is insulin?

A

A hormone produced by the pancreas that stimulates the conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver

Higher Human (3 decks)

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