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Higher Human > Unit 2 - Physiology and health > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Physiology and health Flashcards

1
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex cells produced by meiosis

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2
Q

Where are sperm produced?

A

Sperm cells are produced in the seminiferous tubules in the testes

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3
Q

What hormone is produced by interstitial cells?

A

The interstitial cells or the testes produce the hormone testosterone

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4
Q

Where does the fluid that maintains viability and motility of the sperm come from?

A

The prostate gland and seminal vesicles

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5
Q

What is a follicle?

A

A follicle is a cluster of cells in the ovary that matures to release an ovum

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6
Q

Describe maturation of ova

A

Ovaries contain germline cells which become immature ova, all ovum are surrounded by follicles. Follicles release hormones which help mature the ova.

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7
Q

How is a blastocyst formed?

A

The zygote undergoes mitosis to produce a blastocyst, which implants into the endometrium and develops into an embryo

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8
Q

State the role of the seminiferous tubules

A

Very narrow tubes in the testes in which sperm cells are produced

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9
Q

State the role of the interstitial cells

A

They are the cells in the testes found between the seminiferous tubules; they produce testosterone

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10
Q

State the role of testosterone

A

Steroid hormone produced by interstitial cells

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11
Q

State the role of the prostate gland

A

Produces the fluid that makes up part of the semen

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12
Q

State the role of the seminal vesicles

A

Glands producing fluid that forms part of the semen

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13
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

A cellular structure that implants and becomes the embryo and placenta

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14
Q

What does a follicle produce after ovulation?

A

A corpus luteum that produces testosterone

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15
Q

What is oestrogen?

A

A hormone produced by the ovary that helps in the repair and thickening of the endometrium after fertilistation

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16
Q

What is progesterone?

A

A hormone produced by the ovary that thickens and vascularises the endometrium

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17
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A fertilized egg cell

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18
Q

What is an endocrine gland?

A

The gland that produces and releases hormones

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19
Q

What is FSH?

A

A pituitary hormone that controls the development of follicles in ovaries and sperm production in males

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20
Q

Describe the follicular phase

A

FSH stimulates the development of a follicle and the production of oestrogen by the follicle. Oestrogen stimulates the repair of endometrium & thickens cervical mucus. Peak levels of oestrogen act on the pituitary gland and stimulate a surge in LH secretion triggering ovulation.

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21
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

The region of the brain that secretes releaser hormones at puberty

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22
Q

What is ICSH?

A

A hormone from the pituitary gland that stimulates testosterone production in the interstitial cells

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23
Q

Describe the luteal phase.

A

Remaining cells of follicle develop > corpus luteum & start to secrete progesterone which promotes vascularisation of endometrium preparing for a blastocyst, it also causes thickening of cervical mucus.

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24
Q

What is LH?

A

A pituitary hormone that triggers ovulation and corpus luteum development

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25
How long does the menstrual cycle last?
28 days, ovulation occurs at 16 days
26
What is menstruation?
The removal of the endometrium and unfertilised egg cell at the end of a menstrual cycle
27
What is negative feedback?
A system maintaining a steady state in various body systems
28
What is the pituitary gland?
A gland in the brain that releases many hormones
29
What is artificial insemination (AI)?
The insertion of donated sperm directly into the uterus
30
What is IVF?
A medical procedure involving fertilization or eggs by sperm in laboratory containers
31
What is ICSI?
The injection of sperm directly into the egg during IVF
32
What is pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)?
The genetic profiling of embryos prior to implantation during fertility treatments
33
What is an allele?
A form of a gene coding for a version of a characteristic
34
Describe amniocentesis
Used to asses the health of the foetus using cells from the amniotic fluid. Cells are cultured to produce a karyotype.
35
What is an anomaly scan?
Antenatal ultrasound scan that checks for physical abnormalities
36
What is antenatal screening?
The use of tests to identify risk of disorder before birth
37
Define the term autosomal dominant
Allele that is always expressed in the phenotype
38
Define the term autosomal recessive
Only expressed in the phenotype if homozygous
39
What is CVS?
Another test for abnormalities. A prenatal test using cells from the placenta. This is more invasive than amniocentesis and a higher risk of miscarriage
40
At what number of weeks does the embryo become a fetus?
8
41
Define the term incomplete dominance
When an allele is not completely masked by a dominant allele, this affecting and individuals phenotype
42
What is a karyotype?
A display of matched chromosomes for medical purposes
43
What is postnatal screening?
Diagnostic testing of new born babies
44
What is prenatal testing?
The identification of the risk of disorders in unborn babies
45
What is Rhesus antibody testing?
The test to show if a person carries rhesus antibodies in their blood
46
What is ultrasound scanning?
A diagnostic procedure used for various prenatal checks, such as establishing the stage of pregnancy and the due date of the baby
47
What is an arteriole?
The branch of an artery leading to capillaries
48
What is an artery?
A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart under high pressure
49
Describe a capillary
Narrow, thin walled allowing material exchange
50
What is the endothelium?
The layer of cells that lines the inner surface of blood vessels
51
What is the lumen?
The central channel of a tube such as a blood vessel
52
What is lymph fluid?
The fluid made up of tissue fluid collected into lymph vessels which circulates the body
53
Describe the Lymphatic system
The high pressure of arteriole blood causes pressure filtration, leading to capillaries exuding plasma. This becomes the tissue fluid which bathed the cells. Tissue fluid exchanges material with the cells and returns to the capillaries (by osmosis and diffusion).
54
What is the role of lymph vessels?
They are tiny vessels in which lymph circulates around the body
55
What is osmosis?
The movement of water from a high conc. to a low conc. through a selectively permeable membrane.
56
Define pressure filtration
The passage of molecules through membranes under pressure
57
What is tissue fluid?
The fluid which bathes cells in tissues; derived from blood
58
What is vasoconstriction?
The narrowing of blood vessels to decrease blood flow
59
What is vasodilation?
The widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow
60
What is a vein?
A blood vessel that transports blood towards the heart under low pressure. They contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood
61
What’s a venule?
The small branch of a vein
62
What is acetylcholine?
A neurotransmitter released by parasympathetic nerve fibers
63
Define antagonistic
The opposing actions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
64
What is atrial diastole?
The part of the cardiac cycle in which the heart muscle of the atria relaxes
65
What is atrial systole?
The part of the cardiac cycle in which the heart muscle of the atria contracts
66
What is the AVN? (Atrio-ventricular node)
The nervous tissue found at the junction between the atria and the ventricles
67
What is the AV? (Atrio-ventricular valve)
The heart valve found between the atria and the ventricle
68
What is the autonomic nervous system? (ANS)
It controls involuntary action of smooth and cardiac muscle and glads
69
What is the cardiac cycle?
The contraction and relaxation of the heart muscles in one beat
70
What is cardiac output?
The volume of blood expelled from one ventricle of the heart per minute
71
What causes coronary heart disease?
The blockage of coronary arteries
72
What is diastole?
The part of the cardiac cycle where the cardiac muscle is relaxed
73
What is an electrocardiogram?
A record of electrical activity in the heart; used to detect abnormalities
74
Why is hypertension?
Abnormally high blood pressure in arteries
75
What does the medulla control?
It’s the part of brain that controls Heart and breathing rate
76
What is nor-adrenaline?
A hormone and neurotransmitter
77
What are the parasympathetic nerves to the heart?
Nerve fibers which result in s decrease in heart rate; part of the autonomic nervous system.
78
What are semi-lunar valves?
Valves leading into the main arteries leaving the heart
79
What is the sino-atrial node? (SAN)
Th region of nervous tissue in the wall of the right atrium; receives impulse from the medulla
80
What is a sphygmomanometer?
The instrument used to measure blood pressure
81
What is the stroke volume?
The volume of blood expelled from the left ventricle during one cardiac cycle
82
What is the sympathetic nerve accelerator nerve?
The nerve fiber that stimulates an increase in heart rate; part of the autonomic nervous system
83
What is systole?
The part of the cardiac cycle when the cardiac muscle is contracted
84
Describe ventricular diastole
Part of the cardiac cycle in which the cardiac muscle of the ventricles relaxes
85
Describe ventricular systole?
Part of the cardiac cycle in which the cardiac muscle of the ventricles contracts
86
What is angina?
Chest pain caused when blood supply is to the heart is restricted
87
Wha is an atheroma?
Swelling on the inner wall of an artery made up of fatty material and connective tissues
88
Define atherosclerosis
A potentially serious condition in which atheromas clog the arteries
89
What is cholesterol?
A lipid molecule needed for cell membranes and in synthesizing steroid hormones
90
What is deep vein thrombosis? (DVT)
A blood clot in a deep vein, often in the leg
91
What is an embolus?
Any detached mass of material carried by circulation
92
What is Familial hypercholesterolaemia?
An inherited condition in which LDLs are at a higher than normal level in the blood
93
What is fibrin?
The protein that helps form a blood clot
94
What is fibrinogen?
Blood protein that is converted to fibrin during the blood clotting g process
95
What is high-density lipoprotein?
Carries excess cholesterol away from body cells and artery surfaces > liver for elimination
96
What is an LDL receptor?
A receptor that recognizes LDLs and encourages their uptake
97
What is lipoprotein?
An assembly of protein with lipid that enables movement of lipid in water and through membranes
98
What is low-density lipoprotein? (LDL)
Carries cholesterol to body cells; if they have enough cholesterol LDL may deposit cholesterol leading to atheroma in arteries
99
What is a myocardial infarction?
Medical term for a heart attack; blood flow > heart is reduced
100
What is peripheral vascular disorder?
A condition caused by a blockage to arteries other than coronary arteries, the aorta or those in the brain
101
What is prothrombin?
A blood component important in clothing; it is converted to thrombin during clotting
102
What is the purpose of statin?
A medicine that helps lower LDLs in the blood
103
What is thrombin?
Produced from prothrombin during blood clotting
104
What is thrombosis?
A blood clot within a blood vessel
105
What is adrenaline?
A hormone that stimulates the release of glucose from glycogen during stress or exercise
106
What is glucagon?
A hormone produced by the pancreas that stimulates the conversion of glycogen into glucose molecules in the liver
107
What is glycogen?
A storage carbohydrate located in the liver and muscle tissues
108
Define homeostasis
The maintenance of a steady state in the cells of a living organism
109
What is insulin?
A hormone produced by the pancreas that stimulates the conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver

Higher Human (3 decks)

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