UNIT 2 (PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENTS) Flashcards
● required in preparing the drug substance into a final dosage form
● for each dosage form:
o Establish the primary features of the product.
o Contribute to the physical form, texture, stability, taste, and overall appearance
PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENTS
- Are commonly added to increase the bulk of the formulation
- Help conveniently pick up or take the medication. If the medication is too small, it will be difficult to administer the medication
- E.g. Starch
● Diluents or Filters
- Cause adhesion of the powdered drug and pharmaceutical substances
Binders
- This is especially useful during manufacturing and in the processing of drug products.
- Assist smooth tablet formation
Antiadherents or Lubricants
- Promote tablet breakup after administration
Disintegrating agents
- to improve the stability (for products susceptible to hydrolysis, sensitive to moisture), control disintegrations or enhance appearance.
- To protect the product form being destroyed entirely by the acid of the stomach.
- Facilitate better absorption on absorption sites.
Coatings
FLAVORING PHARMACEUTICALS
Pink to Red
Cherry, strawberry, apple, raspberry
Brown
Choco, maple, caramel, nuts, molasses
Yellow to orange
Lime, lemon, orange and banana
Green
Lime, mint, menthol, pistachio, spearmint
Off white/white
Banana, vanilla, caramel, mint, and custard
Violet/purple
Grape, plum, licorice
Blue
Mint, blueberry, plum, licorice
● artificial flavors are used in liquid pharmaceutical ate levels of ____________, whereas natural flavors are used within ___________ range.
a. 0.1% to 0.2%
b. 1% to 2%
● The prediction of the taste characteristics of the new drug is only speculative, thus appropriate flavoring agents depends on several factors but the most important factor is the taste of the drug substance itself.
Sweet
Honey, mixed fruits, berries, vanilla, maple
Bitter
Chocolate, anise, cherry mint, nut, fennel
Salty
Butterscotch, melon, maple, peach, raspberry, mixed citrus/fruit, nut
Sour
Citrus, root beer, anise, cheer, strawberry, licorice
Metallic
Grape, burgundy, lemon-lime
Alkaline
Chocolate, cream, vanilla, mint combination
- No new food additives may be used if animal studies/appropriate tests showed that it caused cancer.
Delaney Clause
Breaks down in the body into three components:
▪ Amino acid phenylalanine
▪ Aspartic acid
▪ Methanol
- discourages by person w/ Phenylketonuria
- 200 times sweeter than sucrose
Aspartame
has carcinogenic potential
- possible causation of genetic damage and testicular atrophy
- “magic sugar”
- not used in the present
Cyclamate
130x as sweet as sucrose and is excreted unchanged in urine; bitter after taste
- sources: sugar cane, sugar beet, sugar maple
Saccharin
- the extract from the leaves pf the plant Stevia rebaudiana bertoni
- recommended to diabetic patients
- natural, nontoxic, and about 30x as sweet as cane sugars (sucrose)
- can used in both hot and cold
Stevia Powder
● 90% of the dyes used in the products the FDA regulates are synthesized from derivative of benzene
o These ________ dyes are also known as synthetic organic dyes or as coal tar dyes, since ________ was originally obtained from bituminous coal
aniline
