UNIT 2) Part 1 Bad Relationships

Question 1

Why was the crown quarrelling with parliament?

Answer 1

Divine right of kings.
Royal prerogatives
Impeachment
Parliamentary privileges
Royal finance

Question 2

What was the divine right of kings?

Answer 2

Charles believed the king was chosen by god and only god can tell the king what to do.

Question 3

What was the royal prerogative?

Answer 3

Charles believed the king can make decisions beyond parliament, like raising an army or appointing the kings advisors.

Question 4

Impeachments cause on the quarrelling with parliament?

Answer 4

Parliament used impeachment to bring the kings ministers to account, most notably the impeachment of Buckingham.

Question 5

How did Charles annoy parliament?

Answer 5

-Foreign Policy
-Finance
-Marriage
-Divine right
-Royal interference with MPs
-Parliamentary privilege
-Impeachment

Question 6

How did the Foreign policy annoy parliament?

Answer 6

The failed expeditions
-ile’de ray expedition
-cadiz expedition

Question 7

What was the Ile de Re expedition?

Answer 7

Buckingham led the Ile de Re expedition to try to relieve the Protestants of La Rochelle. Forced to retreat after heavy losses.

Question 8

What was the Cadiz expedition?

Answer 8

Buckingham led Cadiz expedition to attack Spain. Army landed on coast got drunk, and had to be evacuated. On the way home many of the ships ran out of food and water, and many soldiers died.

Question 9

How did finance annoy parliament?

Answer 9

Charles believed it was his right to collect the king tonnage and poundage and collected it without parliaments permission.

Question 10

How did the royal marriage annoy parliment?

Answer 10

The queen was a catholic and brought her priests to the court at Whitehall and parliament saw these priests as a threat to the English Church.

Question 11

Royal interference in the choice of MPs?

Answer 11

Charles and Buckingham tried to remove the main opposition leaders from the commons by selecting them to be sheriff’s, and the sheriff had to stay in their counties.

Question 12

how did the king go against Parliamentary privileges?

Answer 12

When Buckingham’s charges were brought towards the house of commons the king had them sent to the tower, but later backed down and left the impression that the king didn’t believe in parliament’s privileges.

Question 13

How did Impeachment annoy parliament?

Answer 13

Parliament of 1626 began impeaching Buckingham, and introduced a bill to give the king four subsidies if he allowed the impeachment of Buckingham so the king dissolved parliament.

Question 14

What was the Forced loan?

Answer 14

The king introduced a tax that was supposedly voluntary however anybody that refused to pay it were to be imprisoned.

Question 15

What was the 5 knights case?

Answer 15

The forced loan led to a trial in 1627 known as the Five Knights case. Five gentlemen were imprisoned for refusing to pay the Forced Loan. They demanded to know why they had been imprisoned. A trial followed in which the king won but showed more people were opposing the king.

Question 16

What was the Petition of Right?

Answer 16

1628 several MPs drew up the Petition of right. It asked the King to acknowledge four simple points.
1) IT was illegal to raise taxes without Parliaments consent.
2)It was illegal to imprisoned people without showing the cause of their imprisonment.
3)It was illegal to impose the forced billeting of troops on civilians.
4)It was illegal to impose Martial law on civilians.

Question 17

The death of Buckingham?

Answer 17

Buckingham was assassinated by a veteran from the il ‘de ray expedition.
his death was met with sadness form Charles but celebration from the rest of the country especially in parliament. This created a larger divide between parliament and the King.

Question 18

How did Charles 1st threaten ancient liberties?

Answer 18

Conflict with Parliament.-he believed in divine right of kings, asserting that he should govern according to his own conscience.
Petition of Right(1628)
Authoritarian Rule-Charles’s actions were perceived as those of a tyrannical absolute monarch. His religious policies and marriage to a Roman Catholic generated mistrust among Reformed religious groups.
His attempts to impose high Anglican practices on the Church of Scotland led to conflict and contributed to his downfall.

Question 19

What was Charles 1st reaction to the petition of right ?

Answer 19

Charles was furious but initially accepted the petition to secure new grants of money from parliament. However he dissolved parliament the very same day beginning his era of personal rule. This emphasised his belief in the royal prerogative to rule and raise money without parliamentary consent.

Question 20

What were the kings religious beliefs?

Answer 20

Charles believed in Arminianism which involved elaborate rituals and ceremonies which led to many quarrels with his people especially Scotland who preferred simpler forms of worship.
In summary, Charles I’s religious policies and his marriage to a Catholic contributed to tensions and opposition during his reign.

Question 21

Why was Arminianism Unacceptable to the puritans?

Answer 21

Puritans saw Arminianism as crypto catholic and feared catholic influence both at Court and within the Church.
Arminianism rejected the Calvinist doctrine of predestination. Puritans strongly adhered to Calvinism, making this a point of contention.

Question 22

What did the Duke of Buckingham do to annoy Parliament?

Answer 22

Foreign policy failures(cadiz il de ray)
His public displays of affection with James I fueled discontent.
He held many titles and people had to go through him to get to the king(this usually involved payment).

Question 23

Why did fellow Courtiers hate the Duke?

Answer 23

Royal Favoritism: His close relationship with James I and later with Charles I fueled jealousy and animosity. Courtiers perceived him as an undeserving favorite.
Influence Over the Monarchy: Buckingham’s significant influence over royal decisions and appointments irked other courtiers who vied for similar power.

Question 24

What changed after the assassination of Buckingham?

Answer 24

His titles relinquished and allowed for more diversity in the kings personal rule government. allowed for the rise of people such as Stratford and William laud.

Question 25

How did the king govern without parliament?

Answer 25

The kings government structure.
-The king
-Privy council-Served as the primary advisory body to the king. It was composed of the king’s closest advisors and officials
Local Government:

-Local government -Justices of the Peace (JPs): Local magistrates who were responsible for maintaining law and order, collecting taxes, and implementing royal policies at the local level.
Sheriffs: Key figures in the counties, responsible for the collection of taxes and the execution of judicial decisions.
-Council of the North and Council of the Marches: Regional councils with administrative and judicial powers to enforce the king’s policies in the northern and western regions of England.

Question 26

Describe the courts used by Charles?

Answer 26

-Star chamber-Role: A prerogative court used to try cases of public disorder, corruption, and political dissent. It dealt with both civil and criminal cases.
Features: Operated without a jury, allowing for more direct royal control over judgments. It was known for its secretive procedures and harsh punishments, including fines, imprisonment, and corporal punishment.
Usage: Employed to suppress opposition and enforce conformity, particularly against those who resisted royal policies or criticized the king.
-Court of High Commission:

Function: The supreme ecclesiastical court of England, dealing with religious and moral offenses.
Authority: Had the power to enforce the religious policies of Charles I, including adherence to Anglican practices and the suppression of Puritanism and other dissenting religious views.
Operation: Like the Star Chamber, it operated without juries and had wide discretionary powers to impose severe penalties, including fines, imprisonment, and excommunication.
-Council of the North:

Purpose: A regional council with administrative, judicial, and military powers, established to maintain royal authority in the northern counties of England.
Activities: Enforced royal policies, dealt with local grievances, and maintained law and order. It acted as a mini-parliament for the north, bypassing local courts and direct parliamentary oversight.
-Council of the Marches:

Role: Similar to the Council of the North, this body governed the border areas between England and Wales.
Function: Managed local administration, justice, and defense, ensuring the implementation of the king’s policies in these regions.

Question 27

Finance policies used during personal rule?

Answer 27

Tonnage and poundage
Monopolies
Distraint of Knighthood
Forest Laws
Ship money

Question 28

What was ship money, tonnage and poundage, and forest laws?

Answer 28

-Ship money was a coastal tax to support the building of naval ships during times of war, ship money was meant to be a one time levy during emergencies but Charles used as an annual tax and also in 1634 Charles extended the payment towards inland areas.

Question 29

Who was stratford?

Answer 29

Thomas Wentworth knighted in 1628 and given several key positions including lord president of the council of the north. He is most known for helping control Ireland which was very unstable country at the time.
Later impeached and executed in 1641.

Question 30

What was thorough?

Answer 30

Policy of “Thorough”:

Principles: Strafford, along with Archbishop William Laud, advocated for the policy of “Thorough,” which emphasized strong, centralized government, efficient administration, and the uncompromising enforcement of royal authority.
Implementation: This policy extended to both England and Ireland, aiming to suppress opposition and ensure the king’s commands were executed without question.
Religious Uniformity:

Support for Anglicanism: Enforced strict adherence to Anglican religious practices and ceremonies. This was particularly driven by Archbishop Laud, who sought to eliminate Puritanism and other forms of religious dissent.
Control of the Church: Strengthened the control of the Church of England over religious life in the kingdom, using the ecclesiastical courts to punish nonconformity.

egal and Judicial Reforms:

Prerogative Courts: Strengthened the use of prerogative courts such as the Star Chamber and the Court of High Commission to enforce royal policies and suppress dissent. These courts operated without juries and could issue severe punishments.
Uniformity in Law: Ensured that laws were applied uniformly across the kingdom, reducing the influence of local customs and privileges that might undermine royal authority.

Question 31

How did Stratford upset people in the north of England?

Answer 31

As Lord President of the Council of the North, Wentworth exercised extensive powers over local governance. His approach was authoritarian, reducing the influence of local nobility and gentry who were used to a certain degree of autonomy in managing regional affairs.
He supported the kings financial policies.
Wentworth’s methods were often perceived as tyrannical and high-handed. His lack of regard for local traditions and his aggressive fiscal policies fostered a deep sense of grievance among the population of the north.
The local nobility and gentry, who were accustomed to a significant degree of local autonomy and influence, were particularly aggrieved by Wentworth’s centralizing policies. They saw his actions as diminishing their traditional powers and privileges.
Alienation of Key Figures: Wentworth’s authoritarian approach alienated influential local figures, many of whom had the means and motivation to oppose his policies and ultimately, the king’s rule.

Question 32

Why was Stratford’s success in Ireland worrying for parliament?

Answer 32

Effective Revenue Generation:

Increased Royal Revenue: Strafford managed to significantly increase revenue for the Crown in Ireland through efficient tax collection, enforcement of feudal dues, and economic reforms. This success demonstrated his ability to fund the monarchy independently of Parliament, which threatened Parliament’s financial leverage over the king.
Military Strength:

Standing Army: Strafford maintained a well-equipped and loyal standing army in Ireland, which he could potentially use to support Charles I against Parliament. The existence of this army was seen as a direct threat, especially given the tensions between the king and Parliament.

Question 33

Who was Laud?

Answer 33

William Laud (1573-1645) was an influential English churchman and Archbishop of Canterbury under King Charles I.
Laud was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633, becoming the principal leader of the Church of England and a close advisor to Charles I.
Laud promoted “High Church” Anglicanism, which emphasized the sacraments, the authority of bishops, and the ceremonial aspects of worship. His reforms were seen as a move towards Arminianism and away from Puritanism.
He was known for his persecution of Puritans and other religious dissenters. The Court of High Commission and the Star Chamber, where Laud had significant influence, were used to punish those who opposed his reforms.

Question 34

How did Laud try to enforce church uniformity?

Answer 34

Everyone uses the book of common prayer.
Everyone follows 39 cannons(church laws).
Inspections were carried out to check on the diocese. Clergy were disciplined if rules not followed.
Alters placed at the east end(like catholic churches).
Services more ceremonial and ritualistic(like catholic services).

Question 35

Why were Lauds other reforms unpopular?

Answer 35

Persecution of Dissenters:

Harsh Measures: Laud was known for his aggressive persecution of religious dissenters, particularly Puritans, whom he viewed as a threat to the unity and stability of the Church of England.
Use of Prerogative Courts: He used the Court of High Commission and the Star Chamber to prosecute and punish dissenters, often imposing severe penalties such as fines, imprisonment, and public humiliations.
Censorship and Suppression of Free Speech:

Censorship of Publications: Laud supported strict censorship of publications that criticized his policies or challenged orthodox religious beliefs. He sought to control the dissemination of ideas and suppress dissenting voices.
Opposition to Free Speech: His crackdown on freedom of expression was seen as an infringement on basic liberties and contributed to growing opposition to his authoritarian rule.

Question 36

William Lauds reforms?

Answer 36

Clerical Discipline and Authority:

Visitation and Inspections: Laud conducted regular visitations and inspections to ensure compliance with his reforms. Non-conforming clergy were disciplined or removed from their positions.
Centralization of Authority: He sought to centralize clerical authority, reducing the power of local parishes and bishops in favor of greater control by the central church hierarchy.
Persecution of Dissenters:

Puritan Suppression: Laud was particularly harsh towards Puritans and other dissenting religious groups. He used the Court of High Commission and the Star Chamber to prosecute and punish those who opposed his reforms, resulting in impris
onment, fines, and other penalties.
Prominent Cases: Notable cases included the punishment of Puritan leaders such as William Prynne, John Bastwick, and Henry Burton, who were subjected to harsh treatment for their outspoken criticism of Laud’s policies.
Liturgical Uniformity:

Book of Common Prayer: Laud insisted on the strict use of the Book of Common Prayer in all church services, aiming to ensure uniformity in worship across the kingdom. He viewed this as essential for maintaining the unity and identity of the Church of England.
Ceremonial Practices: He promoted the revival and enforcement of ceremonial practices such as the use of altars, kneeling at communion, and the wearing of vestments by clergy. These practices were seen as reminiscent of Catholic traditions and were opposed by Puritans.
Church Beautification:

Restoration of Church Buildings: Laud encouraged the beautification of churches, advocating for the restoration of church buildings and the removal of “iconoclastic” destruction from previous Protestant reforms. This included the repair of stained glass windows, the return of altar rails, and the decoration of churches with religious symbols.
Position of the Altar: He mandated that altars be placed at the east end of churches and railed off from the congregation, a move that emphasized the sanctity of the Eucharist and the distinction between clergy and laity.Political and Religious Uniformity:

Policy of Thorough: In collaboration with Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, Laud was a key proponent of the policy of “Thorough,” which aimed to enforce both political and religious uniformity across the kingdom. This included ensuring that royal authority was upheld in all aspects of governance and religion.

Question 37

Destroying puritanism during persona rule?

Answer 37

Puritans fined imprisoned and mutilated for dissent.
Prynne, Bastwick and Burton further punished.
No more scholarships for puritan preachers.
Censorship of puritan books and pamphlets.
Anyone organising street sermons was prosecuted.

Question 38

Restoring the fabric of the Church and Divine right?

Answer 38

Repairing and using Churches for their original purpose. Restored St Pauls with a special levy.
Collection of tithes for the church rather than the landowner.
Priests and Bishops had to live in the areas where they were appointed.
Encouraged priests to preach Royal authority.
Prominent bishops brought into Royal government.

Question 39

What image did Charles try to cultivate of himself?

Answer 39

Divine right of kings
Patronage of the Arts:

Charles was a patron of the arts and sought to use culture and aesthetics to enhance his image and promote his vision of monarchy. He commissioned portraits, portraits, paintings, and sculptures that depicted him in a regal and dignified manner.
He portrayed himself as a defender of the faith against both Catholicism and radical Protestantism, positioning himself as a unifying figure in a deeply divided religious landscape.