unit 2 out 2 Flashcards
- List examples of and explain what is meant by the subjective & objective measures of PA?
Subjective measures: assessments of physical activity that rely on a person remembering which activities they participated in, or their perception of the intensity of an activity session. E.g. Self-report measures – completed by subjects, involve some bias, include both self-administered and interviewer-administered recalls through interviews, questionnaires, diaries or logs. E.g. Proxy-report measures – involve an individual reporting on behalf of someone else.
Objective measures: physical activity assessments using either direct observation or a device. Direct observation – involves watching people’s behaviours within specific settings and recording activities and events of interest. E.g. pedometer – observing how many steps an individual has taken throughout the day or week, Garmin, Fitness Watch
- What sort of tools are used to assess the population and record PA across different settings?
The Children’s Leisure Activities Study Survey (CLASS): a self-report for children over 10 years and a proxy-report questionnaire completed by parents for children 10 years and under. It assesses all dimensions of physical activity (including type, frequency, intensity and duration) performed during a typical week of a school term.
Subjective and objective measures – self-report, proxy-report, pedometers, diaries
- What are the most common PA participated in for Adults, Children and the elderly?
Adults: walking, going to the gym, jogging, swimming and cycling
Children: swimming, soccer, cycling, athletics/track and field, basketball, dancing, cricket, netball
Elderly: water aerobics, walking, golf, lawn bowls
- What proportion of Australians are very inactive or complete no PA?
1 in 5 Australian adults exercise at very low levels, or not at all.
- What is meant by the term self-efficacy and give an example?
Self-efficacy: confidence in your ability to be active within specific circumstances
e.g. even when you are tired,
- What is the most common barrier towards participation in PA?
- Lack of time
- Define with an example reciprocal causation
Reciprocal causation: the interaction between the individual and the environment.
e.g. if you live near the ocean then you are more likely to surf.
- When is a proxy report best suited for which demographic of the population?
Proxy reports are completed for someone who is unable to self-report in a reliable and accurate (valid) manner.
May be completed for a child by a parent, guardian or teacher. A carer may complete a proxy report on behalf of an elderly person or a person with an intellectual disability.
- What is the name of a method to target a change in policy, environment or organisation?
Intervention strategy: method or approach to target a change in policy, environment or organisation.
- List examples of population-level strategies that promote PA.
Environmental strategies and tailoring:
Physical activity intervention programs should be tailored to settings.
e.g. installing bicycle racks may promote cycling to school in a rural area, but may be impractical in a suburban are with limited bike paths and heavy traffic.
- Removing impediments to activity: remove barriers to people being active, e.g. heavy traffic and ‘stranger danger’ or other street crime. Environmental changes, such as the installation of speed humps and reduced speed limits near school zones, can significantly reduce the volume and speed of the traffic, increasing safety for pedestrians and cyclist.
- Introducing new resources and facilities: other environmental interventions aim to provide resources that facilitate activity, such as:
• Installing showers in the workplace
• Providing footpaths and bike trails in the community
• Installing a new or upgraded playground in a local park or school
Education programs: environmental interventions should precede education programs. E.g. a media campaign encouraging people to walk in their neighbourhood will not have much impact in an area where footpaths are poorly maintained and drug deals take place in the park. Instead of a media campaign, the priority in this neighbourhood would be to reduce crime and provide a safe recreational environment for people to be active in. Only then can an educational program successfully encourage people to walk in their neighbourhood.
Environmental and policy targets for physical activity interventions: natural environment (e.g. weather, geography), constructed (built) environment factors (e.g. information environment, suburban environments, buildings, work environments, entertainment infrastructure, transport infrastructure, recreational infrastructure), policies related to incentives, policies related to resources and infrastructure.
Policy: may be defined as laws, regulations, formal rules, informal rules or understandings that are adopted on a collective basis to guide individual and population-wide behaviour. There are many policies that affect people’s opportunity’s to be physically active; these policies can act as either enablers or barriers.
- Legislation: refers to formal, documented policies that are often governed by law-enforcement agencies and organisations. E.g. having to wear a seatbelt.
- Organisational policies: designed to establish an appropriate behaviour within a particular organisation. E.g. many primary schools have a SunSmart policy that prevents children playing outside unless they are wearing a hat. When you critique strategies used at the population level to promote physical activity think about: tailoring, removal of impediments, resources and facilities, educational programs and policies to support environmental change.
Mass media: aim to reach groups of individuals using a medium other than personal
contact or face-to-face meetings. E.g. online advertising, pop-ups, social media, websites, television and radio broadcast and advertisements, billboards, posters and commercials at cinemas, print media such as newspapers, magazines and brochures, web-based interactive information. Main benefit is the potential to reach large numbers of people at a lower cost per person than individual approaches, raise awareness and increase motivation.
- The roles of mass media: increasing awareness of physical activity as a public health issue, providing information about the health benefits associated with regular physical activity, providing information about other non-health benefits of being active, providing information about the consequences of inactivity.
- List examples of individual level strategies that promote PA.
Print and web-based media: include booklets, brochures, handouts and websites. Print materials are available from: community-based recreational centres (e.g. sporting clubs), healthcare providers such as medical practices, rehabilitation centres (e.g. physiotherapy), hospitals and chemists, schools and workplaces, government, industry and commercial websites.
Counselling: gives advice about being physically active can be provided by a personal trainer, general practitioner (GP).
- Which are the best measurement tools used to record the amount of sedentary behaviour that a person undertakes?
- Diaries
- Accelerometers
- Self- or proxy-report recall surveys
- Direct observation
- Inclinometers
- What are the advantages and disadvantages of both objective & subjective measures of assessment of PA. eg. Pedometers vs recall surveys vs SOPLAY etc
Advantage subjective:
- Can capture quantitative and qualitative information
- Can be administrated for large- scale studies
- Usually low burden on participants
Disadvantage subjective:
- Not suitable for assessing children under age 10 or very old adults
- Reliability and validity problems associated with over- reporting due to social desirability bias, memory limitations or misinterpretations of physical activity in different populations
Positive objective:
- Captures excellent quantitative and qualitative information
- Computer software makes data collection and analysis simpler than in the past
- Not subject to bias
- Pedometers
- Inexpensive
- Non- invasive
- Easy to administer to large groups
Negative objective:
- Possibility to tamper with results
- Some accuracy loss
- SOPLAY
- Measures physical activity in groups of people
- Uses time- sampling techniques
- Scans individual and contextual factors
- Name some social environment strategies that can be implemented in schools, the workplace and the community.
- Walking paths – walk to school day, ride to work.
- Know statistical trends for participation in PA by gender over the years ie 15-17’s - 65+ for both genders.
2-4 years old:
- Averaged 6.2 hours per day in pa
- 47% of pa form outside activities
- QLD and NT spent more time outdoors (3 hours 27 minutes and 4 hours respectively, compared to the national average of 3 hours)
- 72% were physically active for 3 hours per day on all 7 days prior to interview, therefore meeting the pa guidelines.
5-17 year olds:
- Averaged 1.5 hours (91 minutes) per day in pa.
- Just over 60% averaged at least 60 minutes per day
- 1 in 5 (19%) doing recommended 60 minutes per day across all 7 days prior to interview
- Almost half (48%) met the recommended 60 minutes per day on at least 5 out of the 7 days
18+ year olds:
- Averaged 33 minutes per day of pa
- 60% reported doing less than 30 minutes
- Fewer than 20% did 60+ minutes per day on average
- 43% met the ‘sufficiently active’ target (59% males and 48% females)
- 18-24 year olds were the most active (males averaged 46 minutes and females 32 minutes per day)
- Levels generally declined with increasing age
- Only 33% of males and 20% of women over 75 years were sufficiently active.
- What are the PA that are common for males and females? Explain any differences.
Females: - Yoga - Pilates - Netball Males: - AFL - Cricket - Soccer - Golf Both: - Walking for exercise - Fitness/gym - Swimming/diving
- Using examples summarise how each of the social cultural factors influence participation in PA: Historical influences, Social influences, Cultural influences, Environmental influences.
Historical influences: influenced the image of the bronzed Aussie and stereotypical ‘sports-mad Australian’. Many events in Australia’s short history have influenced the national identity. Australia has experienced success in many different sports and competitions, both locally and on the world stage. E.g. team sports, individual pursuits and Olympic competition. Participation in physical activity has changed dramatically in Australia over the last 50 years. Society has gone from being generally physically active to one that is predominantly sedentary.
Social influences: supportive behaviours, social climate and culture. Refer to the people around you. e.g. if parents positively enforce children to complete pa then they are more likely to.
Cultural influences: culturally and linguistically diverse population groups are less likely to participate in sufficient physical activity to provide health benefits. People from non-English speaking backgrounds are at a higher risk of being inactive. Certain cultural expectations, obligations and religious beliefs can also restrict opportunities to be physically active. E.g. Australians migrants have introduced soccer into the society.
Environmental factors: studies have shown that accessibility to facilities, opportunities for activity, aesthetics and, to a lesser extent, safety and weather, all influence physical activity behaviour. Natural environment includes features such as water, trees, grasslands and bushlands. These places provide aesthetically pleasing environments in which to be active.
- What is one individual factor that would negatively influence participation in PA - explain using an example.
Socioeconomic status: affects level of education, household income, workforce participation and area of residence. All these factors impact participation rates. Men and women from low socioeconomic groups have lower rates of participation in physical activity. The impact of lower levels of education, lower household income and area of residence is that people in this group, particularly women, participate in insufficient physical activity to benefit their health.
- What is meant by the term Reactivity and when may it occur when using measurement tools?
Reactivity: when individuals alter their behaviour because they are aware of being observed.
e.g. a participant may run faster at certain points in a race if they are running past a check point person to impress them, this may alter their average speed per km.
- Describe the Fair go, Sport Project funded by the Aus Sports Commission.
Target group: same-sex and gender-diverse groups
Description: research shows sport is a significant site of homophobic harassment, discrimination and exclusion. The Australian Sports Commission funded Fair go, sport! In 2010. The project aimed to:
- Increase awareness of sexual and gender diversity
- Promote safe and inclusive environments
- Develop a flexible model of engagement that can be adapted for other sporting codes and their governing bodies.
Strategies: the project included four components-
- Development of a peer mentoring approach to support project advocates.
- Work with state sporting associations (hockey, basketball, cycling, football and Skate Victoria/Roller Derby)
- Implementation of Fair go, sport! Model in schools
- Development of strategies for inclusion in school sport.
- What are the advantages and disadvantages of using wearable devices for measuring PA?
Advantages:
- Inexpensive
- Small, lightweight and non-invasive
- Easy to administer to large groups
- Useful for detecting change (between pre- and post-tests) in the daily average number of steps taken, or to identify changes in rank order among groups.
- Objectively measures are the most common physical activity behaviour (walking)
- Appropriate for use in a range of settings (workplaces, the community and schools)
- Provides immediate feedback and has the potential to promote behaviour change.
Disadvantages:
- Assesses only one type of physical activity behaviour (walking or running)
- Cannot record and store data in real time
- Unable to record the magnitude of movement detected (a step is recorded regardless of the intensity or mode during walking, running or jumping)
- Provides no information about frequency, intensity or duration of physical activity
- Not an appropriate choice for comparing children with different levels of physical maturity because of the influence of body size and speed of locomotion on step count.
- Although it can provide estimates of energy expenditure, these are based on studies of adults and are not accurate for children.
- What are non-modifiable and modifiable individual influences on PA activity behaviours?
Modifiable: at an individual level, these factors include; socioeconomic status (ses), level of education, self-efficacy and other cognitive variables. Can be changed
Non-modifiable: cannot be changed, include; age, sex, ethnicity or cultural background and genetic or inherited factors.
- What are the main purposes for measuring PA at an individual level and a population level?
Individual level:
- To detect change in an individual’s health and/or behaviour
- To determine the effect of any change in physical activity behaviour
Population level:
- To document the frequency and distribution of physical activity in defined population groups
- To monitor the achievement of physical activity guidelines and population trends over time
- To study the relationship between physical activity and health conditions (cvd, type 2 diabetes, obesity, cancer and mental health)
- To determine the amount or dose of physical activity required to influence specific health parameters
- To identify the biological, psychological and environmental factors that influence physical activity
- To evaluate the effectiveness of large-scale physical activity intervention programs
- When collecting data on PA why is it important to gather information on Frequency, intensity and duration?
Due to them being the dimensions of physical activity and demonstrating how difficult an activity was to complete
