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Biology Paper One > Unit 2 - Organisation > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the roles of the digestive system?

A

Mouth - begins digestion of carbs
Stomach - begins digestion of proteins and absorbs small molecules
Small intestine (duodenum) - continues digestion of carbs and protein, begins digestion of lipids
Small intestine (Ileum) Completes digestion of carbs and proteins and single sugars into amino acids, absorbs single sugars, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol
Large intestine - Absorption of water, egestion of undigested food

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2
Q

What is the order of organisation?

A

Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system

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3
Q

What are the parts of the digestive system?

A

-Teeth
-Stomach
-Liver
-Pancreas
-Large intestine
-Small intestine

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4
Q

What do the teeth do?

A

Break down food mechanically, saliva also contains amylase (an enzyme) to break down food.

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5
Q

What does the stomach do?

A

Contains hydrochloric acid and enzymes that chemically break down food, has stomach muscles that churn food

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6
Q

What does the liver do?

A

Produces bile which is stored in the gall bladder before going to the small intestine. Bile emulsifies lipids to form droplets, increasing surface area, as well as being alkaline to neutralise stomach acid

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7
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Secretes amylase which breaks starch down into glucose in the small intestine

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8
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

Absorbs water into the bloodstream

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9
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A

Absorbs nutrients like glucose into the bloodstream by the villi

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10
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that act as biological catalysts, often breaking down molecules into shorter ones (polymers into monomers)

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11
Q

What is specific about enzymes?

A

They only break down substrates that fit their active site (lock and key theory)

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12
Q

What does carbohydrase do?

A

Breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars, such as amylase breaking down starch into glucose

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13
Q

What does protease do?

A

Breaks down proteins into amino acids

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14
Q

What does lipase do?

A

Breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

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15
Q

How does temperature/pH affect the rate of reaction (activity)?

A

It increases up until the enzyme denatures (active site changes shape) so the substrate no longer fits.

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16
Q

How do we test for starch?

A

Iodine solution - orange to black if starch present

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17
Q

How do we test for sugar?

A

Benedict’s solution - turns from blue to orange if sugar present (semi quantitative, colour roughly indicates concentration of sugars)

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18
Q

How do we test for proteins?

A

Biuret’s reagent - turns from blue to purple if protein present

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19
Q

How do we test for lipids (fats)?

A

Sudan III - causes a brick-red layer to form if lipids present

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20
Q

How does breathing work?

A

-Air moves down trachea from breathing
-Into bronchi
-Then bronchioles
-Diffuses into blood vessels in the alveoli

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21
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Air sacs where air is diffused into blood vessels.

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22
Q

What does oxygen do in the lungs?

A

It diffuses into bloodstream and binds to haemoglobin in red blood cells to be transported.

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23
Q

How are alveoli adapted?

A

-Large surface area
-to allow for gas exchange to occur at a faster rate

-One cell thick
-to allow for a shorter diffusion distance

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24
Q

What happens to carbon dioxide and water in the lungs?

A

Dissolved into plasma of the blood, then diffusing into blood and exhaled.

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25
Where does deoxygenated blood from the body enter the heart?
The right side of the heart (vena cava) into the right atrium
26
What is the purpose of valves in the atrium?
To prevent backflow of blood, preventing deoxygenated blood re-entering the body
27
What happens to deoxygenated blood after it has passed through the ventricle?
It travels through the pulmonary artery to the lungs to be oxygenated
28
Where does oxygenated blood from the lungs enter the heart?
Via the pulmonary vein, through the left atrium and ventricle then out of the heart via the aorta to be transported to the rest of the body
29
What is the difference between the right and left side of the heart?
The left side has thicker walls due to the higher pressure needed to pump blood to the body
30
How does the heart contract?
A group of cells in the walls of the right atrium create electrical impulses which cause the heart muscles to contract (can use artificial pacemaker if not working properly)
31
What does it mean when we say the heart is a double circulatory system?
Blood enters the heart twice every time it is pumped round the body.
32
What do arteries do?
Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart (apart from pulmonary artery)
33
What do veins do?
Carries deoxygenated blood to the heart
34
What do capillaries do?
Allow exchange/diffusion of molecules between the blood and cells
35
What is the structure of an artery?
Thick, muscular elastic walls and thin lumen to withstand high pressure
36
What is the structure of a vein?
Thin walls, wide lumen, valves to prevent backflow
37
What is the structure of a capillary?
One cell thick to allow for fast diffusion between blood and cells
38
What is the coronary artery?
The artery that delivers the heart's oxygenated blood to keep it pumping
39
What is coronary heart disease?
Where the coronary artery is blocked by fatty deposits (plaques) by process of atherosclerosis. This restricts blood flow to the heart, potentially causing heart attacks.
40
What are some treatments of cardio-vascular diseases?
Stents - wire meshes inserted into blood vessels which expand, resulting in more blood flow Statins - drugs which reduce 'bad' cholesterol made in the liver, in turn reducing fatty deposits building up in the blood vessels
41
What is the problem with faulty heart valves and how do we treat them?
They result in backflow occurring, can be treated with artificial valves
42
What substances does our blood carry?
Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
43
What do platelets do?
Clump together to stop bleeding, forming scabs
44
What is a communicable disease?
A disease caused by a pathogen and can be spread from person to person
45
What is a non-communicable disease?
A disease caused by internal factors (comes from inside the body)
46
What are some examples of nom-communicable diseases?
Diabetes - risk can be increased by obesity, poor diet and lack of exercise Heart disease/CVD - diet, smoking and lack of exercise can increase risk Liver disease - alcohol increases risk Lung disease/cancer - smoking increases risk
47
What causes cancer?
Genetic mutation in cells causing them to multiply uncontrollably (causing tumours)
48
What is something that causes an increased risk of developing cancer?
Carcinogens
49
What is the difference between a benign and malignant cancer?
Benign cancer - does not spread to other parts of the body Malignant cancer - cells metastasize (spread to other parts)
50
What is the function of leaves?
-Contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis -Gas exchange -Water evaporates out
51
What is the function of the xylem?
-Continuous tubes that carry water and dissolved mineral ions upwards (transpiration)
52
What is transpiration?
The process by which water is drawn from cells in the xylem, then evaporates and diffuses out of the stomata. It is unidirectional (it only travels upwards)
53
How does transpiration work?
Water is drawn from cells in the xylem. Water molecules inside the xylem cells are strongly attracted to each other. There is strong cohesion between the molecules because of hydrogen bonding. A continuous column of water is therefore pulled up the stem in the transpiration stream by evaporation from the leaves.
54
What factors affect transpiration?
-Temperature -Humidity -Air movement -Light intensity
55
What effect do these factors have on transpiration?
-Increased temperature = increased transpiration -Decreased humidity = increased transpiration -Increased air movement = increased transpiration -Increased light intensity = increased transpiration
56
What is the function of the roots?
Water enters through osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
57
What is the function of the meristem?
Where stem cells are produced
58
What is the function of the phloem?
Tubes of cells that carry sugars and other nutrients to where it is needed via translocation.
59
What is the difference between translocation and transpiration?
-Transpiration carries water and dissolved mineral ions, whereas translocation carries sugars and other nutrients to where they are needed -Transpiration is unidirectional, translocation is bidirectional -Transpiration happens in the xylem, translocation happens in the phloem.
60
What happens as a result of a nitrate ion deficiency?
Stunted growth
61
What happens as a result of magnesium ion deficiency?
Chlorosis (yellowing leaves) and stunted growth as less chlorophyll is present
62
What structure is at the top of a leaf and what is its function?
Waxy cuticle - waterproof to stop water loss from the top of the leaf
63
What is below the waxy cuticle and what is its function?
Upper epidermis - transparent to let light through to layer below (palisade mesophyll)
64
What is below the upper epidermis and what is its function?
Palisade mesophyll - large quantities of chloroplasts so is where most photosynthesis takes place
65
What is below the upper epidermis and what is its function?
Spongey mesophyll - gaps around cells to increase surface area to facilitate gas exchange
66
What is the vascular bundle made up of?
Xylem and phloem
67
What is the bottom part of the leaf and its structure?
Lower epidermis, with holes called stomata which allow gases and water in/out
68
What control the size of the stoma?
Guard cells - change size to control rates of gases entering and exiting through the stomata, such as closing the stomata at night to reduce rate of water loss as it is needed for photosynthesis

Biology Paper One (5 decks)

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