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Chemistry - SCH4U1 > Unit 2 - Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

hydrocarbon

A

a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen

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2
Q

prefixes for naming hydrocarbons

A
  1. meth-
  2. eth-
  3. prop-
  4. but-
  5. pent-
  6. hex-
  7. hept-
  8. oct-
  9. non-
  10. dec-
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3
Q

suffixes for naming hydrocarbons

A
  • substituent: -yl
  • single-bonded: -ane
  • double-bonded: -ene
  • triple-bonded -yne
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4
Q

alkane

A
  • a saturated hydrocarbon, containing only single-bonded carbon atoms
  • non-polar
  • only London dispersion forces present
  • general formula: CnH2n+2
  • suffix: -ane
  • e.g. butane; C4H10
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5
Q

alkene

A
  • an unsaturated hydrocarbon, containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond
  • non-polar
  • only London dispersion forces present
  • general formula: CnH2n
  • suffix: -ene
  • e.g. butene; C4H8
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6
Q

alkyne

A
  • an unsaturated hydrocarbon, containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond
  • non-polar
  • only London dispersion forces present
  • general formula: CnH2n-2
  • suffix: -ene
  • e.g. butyne; C4H6
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7
Q

aliphatic hydrocarbon

A

a compound that has a structure based on straight or branched chains or rings of carbon atoms (i.e. alkanes, alkenes, alkynes)

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8
Q

cyclic hydrocarbon

A
  • an aliphatic hydrocarbon that forms a ring
  • non-polar
  • only London dispersion forces present
  • prefix: cyclo-
  • e.g. cyclobutane; C4H8
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9
Q

conformers

A

the possible shapes of a molecule resulting from rotation about a single bond; different “poses” of the same molecule

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10
Q

structural isomer

A
  • a compound that has the same molecular formula as another compound, but a different structure and name
  • e.g. butane and methylpropane (C4H10)
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11
Q

diastereomer/geometric isomer

A

a stereoisomer based on a double bond, in which different types of atoms or groups are bonded to each carbon in the double bond

cis isomer: a diastereomer in which the groups of interest are located on the same side of a double bond
trans isomer: a diastereomer in which the groups of interest are located on opposite sides of a double bond

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12
Q

enantiomer

A
  • a stereoisomer in which molecules are mirror images of each otheraround a single carbon atom (“chiral carbon”) bonded to four different substituents
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13
Q

alkyl halide

A
  • an alkane in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been substituted with one or more halogen atoms
  • functional group: halogen
  • usually dipole-dipole forces between C-hydrogen bond
  • uses: Freon, AC, Teflon, insecticides
  • e.g. 2-bromo-4-chloroheptane
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14
Q

aromatic hydrocarbon

A
  • an unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon with a pattern of bonding that makes it chemically stable
  • functional group: benzene ring (C6H6)
  • non polar (symmetrical)
  • uses: TNT, adhesives, mothballs, Kevlar
  • e.g. 1-ethyl-2, 4-dimethylbenzene

classical naming system

  • orthodiethylbenzene (o-diethylbenzene); 1,2-diethylbenzene
  • metadiethylbenzene (m-diethylbenzene); 1,3-diethylbenzene
  • paradiethylbenzene (p-diethylbenzene); 1,4-diethylbenzene
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15
Q

alcohol

A
  • an organic compound that contains the hydroxyl functional group
  • functional group: hydroxyl group (ROH)
  • angular with a net molecular dipole towards oxygen
  • hydrogen bonding between H-O bond
  • uses: beverages, varnishes, perfumes, rubbing alcohol
  • e.g. 2-methyl-pentan-2-ol

subclassification of alcohols
* primary (1°): an alcohol in which the hydroxyl group is bonded to a terminal carbon (e.g. butan-1-ol)
* secondary (2°): an alcohol in which the hydroxyl group is bonded to a carbon atom with two alkyl groups bonded to it (e.g. butan-2-ol)
* tertiary (3°): an alcohol in which the hydroxyl group is bonded to a carbon atom with three alkyl groups bonded to it (e.g. methylpropan-2-ol)

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16
Q

ether

A
  • an organic compound containing an oxygen atom between two carbon atoms in a chain
  • functional group: ether linkage (ROR’)
  • angular with a net molecular dipole towards oxygen
  • dipole-dipole forces between C-O bond
  • uses: solvents, lock de-icer
  • e.g. 1-methoxypropane
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17
Q

aldehyde

A
  • an organic molecule containing a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (carbonyl group)
  • functional group: carbonyl group (RCHO)
  • trigonal planar with a net molecular dipole towards oxygen
  • dipole-dipole forces between C=O bond
  • uses: antiseptics, disinfectants, preservatives fragrances
  • e.g. butanal
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18
Q

ketone

A
  • an organic molecule containing a carbonyl group bonded to 2 carbon atoms
  • functional group: carbonyl group (RCOR’)
  • trigonal planar with a net molecular dipole towards oxygen
  • dipole-dipole forces between C=O bond
  • uses: hormones, insect pheromones, nail polish remover (acetone)
  • e.g. hexan-3-one
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19
Q

carboxylic acid

A
  • an organic molecule containing a carbon atom that is double-bonded to one oxygen atom, and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group (carboxyl group)
  • functional group: carboxyl group (RCOOH)
  • trigonal planar with a net molecular dipole
  • dipole-dipole forces and hydrogen bonding exists
  • uses: vinegar, yogurt, vitamin C, citrus fruits
  • e.g. hexanoic acid
20
Q

ester

A
  • an organic molecule that contains a carbonyl group bonded to a second oxygen atom, which is bonded to another carbon atom
  • functional group: ester linkage (RCOOR’)
  • trigonal planar with a net molecular dipole
  • dipole-dipole forces between C-O bonds
  • uses: flavourings, cosmetics, shampoos, perfumes
  • e.g. butyl ethanoate
21
Q

amine

A
  • an organic molecule related to ammonia that contains a nitrogen atom bonded to one or more alkyl groups on each molecule
  • functional group: amine group (contains N)
  • trigonal pyramidal with a net molecular dipole towards N
  • hydrogen bonding in primary and secondary amines, due to N-H bonds
  • uses: antihistamines (Epi-pens), dyes
  • e.g. N-methylpentan-2-amine

subclassification of amines

  • primary (1°): one alkyl group and two hydrogen atoms bonded to nitrogen atom
  • secondary (2°): two alkyl groups and one hydrogen atom bonded to nitrogen atom
  • tertiary (3°): three alkyl groups bonded to nitrogen atom
22
Q

amide

A
  • an organic molecule that contains a carbonyl group bonded to a nitrogen
  • functional group: amide linkage
  • trigonal planar (C) and trigonal pyramidal (N) with a net molecular dipole
  • hydrogen bonding, when N-H bonds exist
  • uses: painkillers (Tylenol), fertilizers
  • e.g. N-methylbutanamide
23
Q

addition reaction

A
  • a reaction in which the atoms from one molecule are added to another molecule to form a single molecule
  • atoms are “added” to a double or triple bond (alkenes and alkynes)
  • benzene rings never undero addition reactions
24
Q

hydrogenation

A
  • hydrogen atoms are added on either side of a multiple bond in unsaturated hydrocarbons
  • e.g. propene + hydrogen → propane
25
Q

halogenation

A
  • a halogen reacts with an alkene or alkyne, producing an alkyl halide
  • e.g. ethene + chlorine → 1,2-dichloroethane
26
Q

Markovnikov’s rule

A

when a hydrogen halide or water is added to an unsaturated hydrocarbon, the hydrogen atom bonds to the carbon atom within the multiple bond that already has more hydrogen atoms bonded to it; “The rich get richer, the poor get poorer.”

27
Q

hydrohalogenation

A
  • a hydrogen halide reacts with an unsaturated hydrocarbon, producing an alkyl halide
  • e.g. propene + hydrogen bromide → 2-bromopropane
28
Q

hydration

A
  • water reacts with an unsaturated hydrocarbon producing an alcohol
  • e.g. but-2-ene + water → butan-2-ol
29
Q

elimination reaction

A
  • atoms are removed from a molecule to form a multiple bond
  • one reactant breaks up to form two products
  • e.g. 2-chloropropane → propene + hydrogen chloride
30
Q

dehydration

A
  • a reaction that involves the removal of a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group from the reactant, producing a smaller molecule and water
  • e.g. ethanol → ethene + water
31
Q

substitution reaction

A
  • a hydrogen atom or functional group is “substituted” by a different atom or functional group
  • e.g. ethane + bromine → bromoethane + hydrogen bromide
32
Q

combustion reactions

A
  • organic molecules burn in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water
  • e.g. butane + oxygen → water + carbon dioxide; 2C4H10(ℓ) + 13O2(g)→ 10H2O(g)** + 8CO2(g)**
33
Q

oxidation reaction

A
  • a carbon atom forms more bonds to oxygen or fewer bonds to hydrogen
  • the product should have more C-O bonds and fewer C-H bonds than the reactant
  • the symbol [O] is used to indicate oxidizing agents
  • primary alcohols oxidize to form aldehydes; aldehydes oxidize to form carboxylic acids
  • secondary alcohols oxidize to form ketones
  • e.g. propan-2-ol + oxidizing agent → propanone
34
Q

reduction reaction (hydrogenation)

A
  • a carbon atom forms fewer bonds to oxygen or more bonds to hydrogen
  • the product should have more C-H bonds and fewer C-O bonds than the reactant
  • the symbol [H] is used to indicate reducing agents
  • carboxylic acids reduce to form aldehydes; aldehydes reduce to form primary alcohols
  • ketones reduce to form secondary alcohols
  • e.g. propanal + reducing agent → propan-1-ol
35
Q

condensation reaction

A
  • a chemical reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, and water is reduced
  • an amine and a carboxylic acid react to form an amide and water
  • two alcohols react to form an ether and water
  • an alcohol and a carboxylic acid react to form an ester and water (esterification)
  • e.g. ethanoic acid + methanol → methyl ethanoate + water
36
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A
  • the breaking of a covalent bond in a molecule, via the addition of water
  • an amide and water react to produce a carboxylic acid and an amine
  • an ether and water react to produce two alcohols
  • an ester and water react to produce a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
  • e.g. ethyl propanoate + water → propanoic acid + ethanol
37
Q

condensation reaction

A
  • a chemical reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, and water is reduced
  • an amine and a carboxylic acid react to form an amide and water
  • two alcohols react to form an ether and water
  • an alcohol and a carboxylic acid react to form an ester and water (esterification)
  • e.g. ethanoic acid + methanol → methyl ethanoate + water
38
Q

polymer

A

a large, usually chain-like molecule that is built from at least 10 smaller molecules

39
Q

monomer

A

one of the repeating small molecules that make up polymers

40
Q

homopolymer

A

a polymer of a single type of monomer

41
Q

copolymer

A

a polymer made up of two or more different types of monomers combined

42
Q

addition polymer

A
  • a very long organic molecule formed as the result of addition reactions between monomers with unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds
  • due to their large size, very strong London forces exist
  • general formula: -A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-
  • condensed formula: -[A]n-
  • uses: insulating electrical wires, waterproof coating for coats and upholstery
  • e.g. polychloroethane
43
Q

polymer cross-linking

A
  • individual polymer chains are cross-linked, via a cross-linking agent, like sulphur; covalent bonds are formed between adjacent chains so that the chains cannot slip past each other
  • in general, the more cross-links there are, the more tightly the chains are held together, and the more rigid and inflexible the polymer
44
Q

condensation polymer

A
  • a very long, organic molecule formed as a result of condensation reactions between either alternating molecules of two different monomers having identical functional groups on either end, or identical monomers that have different functional groups on either end
  • involve the formation of polyesters and polyamides
  • general formula: -A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-A-
  • condensed formula: -[A-B]n-
45
Q

polyester

A
  • a polymer formed by a condensation reaction that results in ester linkages between monomers
  • the dipole-dipole forces created by the carbonyl groups result in an attraction between adjacent polymer chains
  • uses: fabrics like polar fleece, microfiber, Cool Max
46
Q

polyamide

A
  • a polymer formed by a condensation reaction that results in amide linkages between monomers
  • the hydrogen bonding that result from N-H bonds produces very strong fibres
  • uses: nylon for ropes, pantyhose, Kevlar-bulletproof vests

Chemistry - SCH4U1 (5 decks)

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