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Clinical Neuroscience > Unit 2: Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Unit 2: Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is most characteristic of the “Teen Brain”?

A

Risk taking, trouble controlling impulses, trouble judging risks and rewards, emotional intensity/instability, adaptability, plasticity, vulnerability.

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2
Q

What is an underlying cause of teenage behavior?

A

Lack of inhibitory control caused by the mismatch in the timing of two developments of brain networks; that of the prefrontal cortex, which is still developing in teens, and the limbic system which is developed and intensifies at puberty.

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3
Q

What is the limbic system involved with?

A

Reward system, “emotional brain”

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4
Q

What is the frontal lobe involved with?

A

Executive functions: reasoning, judgement, planning, inhibition, impulse control

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5
Q

What is happening to the frontal lobe during the teen years?

A

It is engaged in the process of first growing and then pruning.

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6
Q

What is pruning?

A

The elimination of “bad” or unused connections and strengthening of “good” and used ones.

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7
Q

Are teen brains meant to be mismatched?

A

Evolution has designed the teen brain to be different than a child or adult brain. Vulnerability, but also plasticity, which leads to big strides in cognition.

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8
Q

Where does a peak in gray matter (neurons) occur first and last?

A

Gray matter peaks earliest in the sensorimotor areas and latest in the prefrontal cortex.

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9
Q

What is a primary cortex area responsible for?

A

Straight forward function

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10
Q

What is an association area for?

A

They are places of connection that integrate info from different areas.

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11
Q

What are the convolutions for on our brains?

A

More surface area!

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12
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

What makes up the PNS?

A

Somatic NS and Autonomic NS (both sensory and motor)

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14
Q

Divisions of ANS?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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15
Q

What are the most notable changes in the development of the brain?

A
  1. Division into forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.

2. Increase in convolutions.

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16
Q

The prenatal events of divisoin and convolution are key in the development of disorders such as

A

Schizophrenia and autism.

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17
Q

What are the three main components of brain protection?

A

Skull, meninges, blood supply and CSF + ventricular system.

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18
Q

What is the most protected organ?

A

The brain

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19
Q

What is the brain mainly composed of?

A

Neurons, glia and water

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20
Q

How much does the brain weigh?

A

About 3lbs.

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21
Q

How many layers make up the meninges?

A

Three membranes and a space.

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22
Q

What are the layers of the meninges?

A
  1. Dura Mater
  2. Arachnoid Membrane
  3. Subarachnoid Space
  4. Pia Mater
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23
Q

What is the arachnoid membrane? Where is it?

A

Spongy layer underneath the dura mater and above the subarachnoid space.

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24
Q

Disorders of the meninges include

A

meningitis and meningioma

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25
Q

Meningitis

A

Infection and inflammation of the meninges

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26
Q

Meningioma

A

Tumor of the meninges, potentially easily removable

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27
Q

What is the purpose of the meninges?

A

Membranes under skull that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord surface

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28
Q

How does the blood protect the brain?

A
  1. Takes away CO2 and waste; brings oxygen and nutrients.

2. Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

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29
Q

What percent of the body’s blood does the brain get?

A

20% of the body’s blood

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30
Q

What is the blood brain barrier (BBB)?

A

Between capillary wall, astrocytes, and neural tissue; protects substances in the bloodstream from entering the brain tissue.

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31
Q

What is a brain disorder/injury associated with blood supply?

A

Strokes

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32
Q

What is a stroke?

A

When an area of the brain is temporarily blocked from getting blood flow and the area may die.

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33
Q

What are the main 2 causes of strokes?

A

Obstruction (clots) - 80%

Hemorrhages 20%

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34
Q

What kind of drugs are used when there are obstructions in the brain’s blood supply?

A

Statins- break down debris

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35
Q

Where does most of the brain’s blood supply come from?

A

Cerebral arteries

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36
Q

Where are the major cerebral arteries serving the brain?

A

Top, middle, and bottom of brain

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37
Q

How does CSF and the ventricular system protect the brain?

A
  1. By providing a cushion and shock absorber

2. Floats the brain, reducing essential weight

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38
Q

What is an important function of the ventricular system?

A

Production, flow and reabsorption of the CSF

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39
Q

Where are the brain’s ventricles?

A

2 large ventricles on either side
1 in the middle
another smaller one in the middle

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40
Q

How does the CSF flow?

A

ventricles -> subarachnoid space -> carries away waste

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41
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

“Water on the head.” Occurs in Utero. Caused by a blockage in ventricles and CSF can’t flow or be reabsorbed, putting pressure on the brain and leading to damage.

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42
Q

How is hydrocephalus diagnosed?

A

Look at head size and eyes.

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43
Q

How is hydrocephalus treated?

A

Shunts placed to drain CSF

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44
Q

Where is a lumbar puncture done?

A

At L3-L4, BELOW spinal cord. Collect CSF from nerves after spinal cord ends.

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45
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

At about L1

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46
Q

What composes the forebrain?

A
  1. Cerebral Cortex
  2. Thalamus
  3. Hypothalamus
  4. Limbic System
  5. Basal Ganglia
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47
Q

What are the features of the cerebral cortex?

A
  1. Thin (2-3mm, packed with cells), convoluted “bark”
  2. Gyri, sulci, fissures
  3. Includes primary cortical areas
  4. Includes the association cortexes
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48
Q

What lobes make up the cerebral cortex?

A

Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, Occipital

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49
Q

What is a lissencephalic brain like?

A

Big ventricles, almost completely absent convolutions

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50
Q

What is the dorsal view of the brain?

A

from the top

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51
Q

What is the ventral view of the brain?

A

from the bottom

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52
Q

What are two association areas of the frontal lobe?

A

Primary Motor Cortex, Broca’s Area

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53
Q

What is the role of the primary motor cortex?

A

voluntary movement

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54
Q

What is the motor homunculus?

A

Representation of the human body based on the importance and PMC tissue allocated to specific body areas.

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55
Q

What body parts are very large on the motor homunculus?

A

Hands and mouth

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56
Q

What are other functions of the FL association cortex?

A

Executive functions and high level cognition: decision making, regulation of emotion, reasoning, planning, thinking

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57
Q

What are some disorders of the frontal lobe?

A

Schizophrenia

ADHD

58
Q

What is different about the frontal lobe in those with Schizophrenia?

A

Hyperactivty in frontal lobe

59
Q

What is different about the frontal lobe in those with ADHD?

A

Key dopamine pathways are not functioning properly.

60
Q

What 2 main areas compose the parietal lobe cortex?

A

Primary Somatosensory Cortex, Gustation area

61
Q

What is the role of the Primary Somatosensory Cortex?

A

Sensory info from body - skin: touch, temp, pain, pressure

62
Q

What is gustation?

A

taste

63
Q

What is the association cortex function in the parietal lobe?

A

further analyzes and processes info from somatosensory cortex.
has a spatial function: proprioception, where body is in relation to limbs and environment

64
Q

What is a disorder associated with damage to the parietal lobe?

A

Unilateral Neglect

65
Q

What side of the brain is usually damaged in unilateral neglect?

A

The right parietal lobe

66
Q

What is unilateral neglect?

A

Information from left field not connected to consciousness. Individual unaware of one side of their world. Often due to stroke.

67
Q

What are some tell-tale signs of unilateral neglect?

A

Drawing only one side of a picture, putting makeup on or shaving only half the face.

68
Q

What is the occipital lobe’s main component

A

primary visual cortex (PVC)

69
Q

What is the primary visual cortex responsible for?

A

simple, minimal visual processing such as lines

70
Q

What are the association cortices in the occipital lobe for?

A

more complex visual processing by combining the basic features such as color, movement and form.

71
Q

What happens if someone has damage to their PVC?

A

Blindness

72
Q

What happens if someone has damage to their association areas in the occipital lobe?

A

can tell basic features of object from sight but cannot identify

73
Q

What is a disorder when someone can see but can not identify or process object?

A

visual agnosia

74
Q

What primarily composes the temporal lobe?

A

primary auditory cortex, olfactory cortex, Wernicke’s area

75
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area?

A

At the junction of different lobes

76
Q

What is the function of the primary auditory cortex?

A

Distinguishing pitch, loudness, and frequency of sounds

77
Q

What is olfaction?

A

Smell

78
Q

What is Wenicke’s area responsible for?

A

Speech Comprehension

79
Q

What occurs if someone has damage to Wernicke’s area?

A

They have difficulty understanding and producing sensible and meaningful speech.

80
Q

What is the association area in the temporal lobe responsible for?

A

learning and memory, visual recognition especially faces

81
Q

Capgras Syndrome is a ___ syndrome

A

Capgras Syndrome is a disconnection syndrome

82
Q

What is Capgras Syndrome?

A

Damage to fibers in association area of temporal lobe involved with facial recognition; leads to one believing that their friends and family are imposters.

83
Q

Why does someone with Capgras Syndrome believe their friends and family are imposters?

A

They recognize the face but have no emotional response, and conclude that they must not really be that person

84
Q

What kind of disconnection is happening in Capgras Syndrome?

A

There is a disconnection between the facial recognition area and amygdala in the limbic system.

85
Q

What are some disorders that can involve Capgras Syndrome?

A

Schizophrenia, AD, brain trauma

86
Q

What happens if someone with Capgras Syndrome looks in the mirror?

A
  1. Could think it is not themselves, and therefore a fake mirror
  2. Could see themselves
87
Q

What is the order of the forebrain?

A 
Cortex
Limbic System
Basal Ganglia
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
88
Q

Where is the thalamus?

A

2 large lobes at the base and center of forebrain

89
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

It is a sensory relay station for somatosensory, visual, auditory, and gustatory senses

90
Q

Information from what sense does not go through the thalamus?

A

Olfactory

91
Q

What does it mean that the thalamus is a relay station?

A

Sensory information goes through the thalamus on its way to the cortex, and there are reciprocal connections that modulate input.

92
Q

Where is the hypothalamus?

A

At the base of the forebrain, below the thalamus.

93
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A
  1. Controls the “Four Fs”: Feeding, Fighting, Fleeing, Fornicating
  2. Homeostasis
  3. Controls ANS (connects with glands and organs)
  4. Controls pituitary gland and endocrine system.
94
Q

What aspects of homeostasis does the hypothalamus regular?

A

Body temp, glucose levels, etc.

95
Q

What are the two “systems” that include most of their parts in the forebrain?

A

Limbic System and Basal Ganglia

96
Q

What is the limbic system also called?

A

The “emotional brain”

97
Q

What makes the limbic system a system?

A

It is a circuit of interconnected structures that work together

98
Q

What are the functions of the limbic system?

A

Emotions, motivation, memory (emotional memories)

99
Q

What parts of the brain make up the limbic system?

A

Hippocampus, Amygdala, Cingulate cortex

100
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

Complex motor control, starting and stopping movements, posture and balance

101
Q

Where does the basal ganglia receive input from?

A

The basal ganglia receives input from the primary motor cortex and modulates it

102
Q

What are some disorders associated with the basal ganglia?

A

Parkinson’s Disease
Huntington’s Chorea
OCD (motor compulsions)
Tourette’s syndrome (motor tics)

103
Q

What are some characteristics of Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Tremors, Akinesia (rigidness), gait change

104
Q

Where are the midbrain and hindbrain mostly located?

A

In the brain stem

105
Q

Where is the midbrain?

A

Top of brain stem

106
Q

What are the components of the midbrain?

A
  1. Tectum (sensory)

2. Tegmentum (motor) -> part of complex motor system

107
Q

Where is the Reticular formation (RAS)?

A

Part of the midbrain that extends through the brain stem to the rest of the CNS

108
Q

What is the Reticular formation involved in?

A

arousal, muscle tone

109
Q

What composes the hindbrain?

A

cerebellum, pons, and medulla

110
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum

A

Simply: motor coordination and procedural memory

111
Q

What disorder might the cerebellum play a role in?

A

Autism

112
Q

Where is the pons?

A

upper brain stem

113
Q

What NT are the pons a source of?

A

Serotonin and Norepinephrine

114
Q

What is the function of the pons

A

Bridge to cerebellum and back; involved in arousal and sleep

115
Q

Where is the medulla located?

A

Lower brain stem

116
Q

What is the function of the medulla?

A

Maintaining basic life sustaining functions: respiratory rate, heart rate, digestive processes

117
Q

What syndrome is the medulla possibly involved in?

A

SIDS

118
Q

What is the width of the spinal cord?

A

Middle finger

119
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

Elongated, tubular bundle of nerves protected by the vertebral column

120
Q

What does the spinal cord connect to?

A

spinal nerves to serve all parts of the body (PNS), as well as the brain

121
Q

What are spinal reflexes?

A

Reflex pathways that don’t require the brain. Pain/sensory info in->motor out

122
Q

What are two spinal reflexes?

A

Patellar reflex and withdrawal reflex

123
Q

What is the pathway of the patellar reflex?

A

Tap patellar tendon (sensory in) -> 1 synapse in motor neurons -> muscle on thigh contracts. Is monosynaptic

124
Q

What is different about the withdrawal reflex?

A

The brain can override (inhibit reflex)

125
Q

What makes up the PNS?

A

Somatic NS and Autonomic NS

126
Q

What nerves compose the somatic NS?

A

Spinal nerves and cranial nerves

127
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31; travel together

128
Q

What is the somatic nervous system (big picture/system perspective)

A

the external link

129
Q

What are the functions of the somatic NS?

A

Sensory in, motor out

130
Q

What is a disorder of the spinal nerves in the somatic NS?

A

ALS

131
Q

How many cranial nerves are there? Are they sensory or motor?

A

There are 12 cranial nerves; some sensory, some motor, some both

132
Q

What are the two branches of the ANS?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

133
Q

When is the sympathetic NS active?

A

during CATABOLIC (energy using) activities

134
Q

When is the parasympathetic NS active?

A

during ANABOLIC activities; when restoring things to steady state

135
Q

What is the ANS (big picture/system perspective)

A

internal link

136
Q

What to the nerves of the ANS innervate?

A

Organs and glands

137
Q

What are two very similar spinal nerve disorders?

A

ALS and CTE

138
Q

What is ALS?

A

An upper and lower motor system disorder

139
Q

What is the focus when it comes to possible causes and treatments?

A

Antioxidants and glutamate

140
Q

What is CTE?

A

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy. Linked to repeated head trauma (in sports)

141
Q

What are some ways to study the live human brain? (Imaging techniques)

A 
CT/CAT
MRI
fMRI
PET
EEG
ERP

Clinical Neuroscience (2 decks)

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