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Nat 5 Chemistry > Unit 2 - Natures Chemistry > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Natures Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What should every line graph be in chemistry?

A

A line of best fit with the exception of a curve of best fit in a in a rate graph.

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2
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A molecule/compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon atoms.

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3
Q

What is the definition of a homologous series?

A

a family of compounds with the same general formula and similar chemical properties.

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4
Q

What is the pattern of a homologous series?

A

Members of a homologous series show a general increase in their melting and boiling points. This pattern is attributed to increasing strength of the inter-molecular
forces as the molecular size increases.
(MPs and BPs increase as the number of molecules get bigger and more forces have to be broken down for the molecule to melt/boil)

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5
Q

What are saturated compounds?

A

Compounds containing only single carbon–carbon bonds .

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6
Q

What are unsaturated compounds?

A

Compounds containing at least one carbon–carbon double bond.

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7
Q

How can you test for a compound being saturated or unsaturated?

A

It is possible to distinguish an unsaturated compound from a saturated compound using bromine solution as unsaturated compounds decolourise bromine solution quickly.

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8
Q

What does the chemical formula tell you?

A

How many atoms are present in the molecule but doesn’t tell you anything about the structure. E.g. C2 H6

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9
Q

What does the shortened structural formula tell you?

A

The list of carbons in the molecule and what is attached to them. E.g. CH3 CH3

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10
Q

What does the full structural formula tell you?

A

Everything about the structure of the molecule, including all the bonds and what is bonded to each other

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11
Q

What does the general formula tell you?

A

How to work out the chemical formula if given the number of carbons. E.g. Cn H2n + 2

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12
Q

What is the prefix for 1 carbon in the longest chain?

A

Meth

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13
Q

What is the prefix for 2 carbon in the longest chain?

A

Eth

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14
Q

What is the prefix for 3 carbon in the longest chain?

A

Prop

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15
Q

What is the prefix for 4 carbon in the longest chain?

A

But

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16
Q

What is the prefix for 5 carbon in the longest chain?

A

Pent

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17
Q

What is the prefix for 6 carbon in the longest chain?

A

Hex

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18
Q

What is the prefix for 7 carbon in the longest chain?

A

Hept

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19
Q

What is the prefix for 8 carbon in the longest chain?

A

Oct

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20
Q

What are isomers and what are facts about them?

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae. They may belong to different homologous series and usually have different physical properties.

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21
Q

What is the general formula of the alkanes?

A

Cn H2N + 2

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22
Q

Are alkanes unsaturated or saturated compounds?

A

Saturated

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23
Q

What are alkanes commonly used for?

A

Fuels

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24
Q

Are alkanes soluble in water?

A

No they are insoluble in water.

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25
Q

Why do boiling point increase as the carbon chain gets bigger?

A

Bigger molecules have stronger inter-molecular forces. The stronger the forces, the more energy it takes to get the molecules to separate from each other.

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26
Q

What is the prefix for 1 carbon branch?

A

Methyl

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27
Q

What is the prefix for 2 carbon branches?

A

Ethyl

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28
Q

What is the prefix for 3 carbon branches?

A

Propyl

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29
Q

For branched carbons what is the prefix for 2 carbon branches of the same type?

A

Di

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30
Q

For branched carbons what is the prefix for 3 carbon branches of the same type?

A

Tri

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31
Q

For branched carbons what is the prefix for 4 carbon branches of the same type?

A

Tetra

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32
Q

Are cycloalkanes saturated?

A

Yes

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33
Q

What are cycloalkanes commonly used for?

A

Fuels and Solvents.

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34
Q

Are cycloalkanes soluble in water?

A

No they are insoluble.

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35
Q

What is the general formula for the cycloalkanes?

A

Cn H2n

36
Q

Are the alkenes unsaturated?

A

Yes

37
Q

Are the alkenes soluble in water?

A

No they are insoluble.

38
Q

What are the alkenes useful in making?

A

Alcohols and polymers.

39
Q

What is the functional group of the alkenes?

A

C=C

40
Q

When naming branched alkenes, what number should be the lowest?

A

Where the double carbon bond is?

41
Q

What are the three types of addition reactions?

A
  • Hydrogenation with H-H
  • Hydration with H-O-H
  • Addition with halogens - x-x (any halogen)
42
Q

What does hydrogenation form?

A

Alkanes

43
Q

What does hydration form?

A

Alcohols

44
Q

What does addition with halogens form?

A

Dihaloalkanes

45
Q

What is the functional group of the alcohols?

A

O-H, Hydroxyl.

46
Q

What is a functional group?

A

The part/group of atoms on a molecule that give the compound specific/chemical properties.

47
Q

How do you name an alcohol?

A

Using the same rule as the alkenes use the prefixes meth, eth, prop e.t.c. depending on the number of carbons in the main chain but place an at the end of this. Then add the the number to show what carbon the hydroxyl is bonded to and add anol at the end. E.g. Propan-2-ol.

48
Q

Are alcohols miscible/soluble and why is this?

A

They are soluble/miscible (thinking about drinking alcohol) even though they are covalent. This is due to the hydroxyl group being soluble even though the carbon chain isn’t.

49
Q

What are the alcohols commonly used for?

A

Used as fuels as they are highly flammable and burn with very clean blue flames. They are also used as solvents.

50
Q

How do melting and boiling points of the alcohols change?

A

As the carbon chain increases the melting and boiling points increase.

51
Q

How does solubility differ with the alcohols?

A

The longer the carbon chain, the harder it is for the molecule to dissolve in water. This is because there is a larger proportion of the molecule that can’t dissolve in water. Methanol, ethanol and propanol are miscible with water, thereafter the solubility decreases
as size increases.

52
Q

What is the general formula of the alcohols?

A

Cn H2n +1OH

53
Q

What can alcohols also be called?

A

Alkanols

54
Q

What are the two ways alcohol can be made?

A

Fermentation and hydration alkenes.

55
Q

What is fermentation?

A

The breakdown of sugar or starch to ethanol and CO2.

56
Q

What is used as a catalyst in fermentation?

A

Yeast

57
Q

What alcohols are produced in fermentation?

A

Ethanol only and this is why we have to use hydration of alkenes for alcohols.

58
Q

How does hydration of alkenes work?

A

By using the double carbon bond of the alkenes and reacting them with water (steam) to form alcohols/alkonols.

59
Q

How can different products be formed during the hydration of alkenes?

A

The alcohol/alkonol produced depends on what carbon the hydroxyl has bonded too.

60
Q

Can the hydration of alkenes be reversed?

A

Yes and this is called the dehydration of alkonols.

61
Q

What are carboxylic acids used for?

A

The preparation of preservatives, soaps and medicines.
Vinegar is a solution of ethanoic acid, with molecular formula CH3COOH. Vinegar is used in household cleaning products as it is a non-toxic acid so can be used safely in household situations.

62
Q

Are carboxylic acids miscible/soluble in water and why is this?

A

Yes, due to the same reason as the alcohols that the carbon chain is insoluble but the COOH is soluble.

63
Q

How does solubility of the carboxylic acids differ?

A

Methanoic, ethanoic, propanoic and butanoic acid are miscible in water, thereafter the solubility decreases as size increases. this is yet again due to the fact that as the carbon chain increases there is more of the molecule that is insoluble.

64
Q

What is the general formula of the carboxylic acids?

A

Cn H2n +1COOH

65
Q

How does the melting and boiling points of carboxylic acids change?

A

As carboxylic acids increase in size their melting and boiling points increase due to the increasing strength of the intermolecular forces.

66
Q

What is the functional group of the carboxylic acids?

A

COOH, carboxyl.

67
Q

Are carboxylic acids acidic?

A

Yes they have a pH below 7 but are only slightly acidic> This is due to the small presence of the H+ ion of the functional group which can react backwards and forwards.

68
Q

What is the neutralisation product of methanoic acid?

A

Methanoate

69
Q

What is the neutralisation product of ethanoic acid?

A

Ethanoate

70
Q

What is the neutralisation product of propanoic acid?

A

Propanoate

71
Q

What is the neutralisation product of butanoic acid?

A

Butanoate

72
Q

What is the neutralisation product of pentanoic acid?

A

Pentanoate

73
Q

What is the neutralisation product of hexanoic acid?

A

Hexanoate

74
Q

What is the neutralisation product of heptanoic acid?

A

Heptanoate

75
Q

What is the neutralisation product of octanoic acid?

A

Octanoate

76
Q

How do you name carboxylic acids?

A

Use the prefixes meth, eth, prop e.t.c. for the number of carbons in the carbon chain and add anoic to the end of it.

77
Q

What is the product of reacting a carboxylic acid with a metal oxide, e.g. propanoic acid and lithium oxide?

A

Salt (metal anoate) + water

Lithium propanoate + water

78
Q

What is the product of reacting a carboxylic acid with a metal hydroxide, e.g. butanoic acid and potassium hydroxide?

A

Salt (metal anoate) + water

Potassium butanoate + water

79
Q

What is the product of reacting a carboxylic acid with a reactive metal, e.g. octanoic acid and magnesium?

A

Salt (metal anoate) + hydrogen

Magnesium octanoate + H2

80
Q

What is the product of reacting a carboxylic acid with a metal carbonate, e.g. Heptanoic acid and copper carbonate?

A

Salt (metal anoate) + water + carbon dioxide

Copper heptanoate + H2O + CO2

81
Q

What is the product of reacting a carboxylic acid with ammonia, e.g. methanoic acid + ammonia

A

Anoate salt + ammonium

Methanoate + ammonium

82
Q

What is the chemical formula for ammonia?

A

NH3

83
Q

What happens in combustion?

A

A substance reacts with oxygen releasing energy

84
Q

What is distillation?

A

The separating of molecule depending on their boiling points.

85
Q

What are the products if a fuel containing sulphur is burned?

A

Sulphur dioxide.

86
Q

What are the products if a fuel containing carbon is burned?

A

Carbon Dioxide

87
Q

What are the products if a fuel containing hydrogen is burned?

A

Water/H2O

Nat 5 Chemistry (3 decks)

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