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Nat 5 Chemistry > Unit 1 - Chemical Changes and Structure > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Chemical Changes and Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the rate of reaction?

A

How quickly a new substance is made/ how quick a reaction proceeds.

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2
Q

How does increasing surface area affect reaction rate?

A

By decreasing the particle size we increase the surface area. The greater the surface area the higher the chance of collisions occurring and thus the faster the rate of reaction.

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3
Q

How does increasing concentration affect reaction rate?

A

If the concentration of the reaction is increased there are more reactant particles that are able to collide thus the rate of reaction will increase.

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4
Q

How does increasing temperature affect reaction rate?

A

Increasing the temperature of a reaction gives the particles more energy, this increases the rate of the reaction as the particles will collide with more energy.

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5
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Isotopes are atoms with the same atomic number but different mass number/same number of protons but different number of neutrons.

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6
Q

What are the regions of space electrons are arranged into known as?

A

Energy levels

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7
Q

What is/ when does ionic bonding occur?

A

The ionic bond is the electrostatic force of attraction between metals and non-metals. Where metal atoms lose electrons forming positive ions and non-metal atoms gain electrons forming negative ions.

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8
Q

What is/ when does covalent bonding occur?

A

Covalent bonds form between non-metal atoms.
A covalent bond forms when two positive nuclei are held together by their common attraction for a shared pair of electrons.

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9
Q

What are the 7 diatomic elements?

A

Iodine, Bromine, chlorine, fluorine, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen.

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10
Q

What do ionic compounds form?

A

Ionic compounds form lattice structures of oppositely charged ions with each positive ion surrounded by negative ions and each negative ion surrounded by positive ions.

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11
Q

How many atoms are in the covalent molecular shape linear?

A

2

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12
Q

How many atoms are in the covalent molecular shape angular?

A

3

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13
Q

How many atoms are in the covalent molecular shape trigonal pyramidal?

A

4

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14
Q

How many atoms are in the covalent molecular shape tetrahedral?

A

5

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15
Q

What are properties of a covalent molecular substance?

A
  • They have strong covalent bonds within the molecules and only weak attractions between the molecules
  • They have low melting and boiling points as only weak forces of attraction between the
    molecules are broken when a substance changes state.
  • They do not conduct electricity because they do not have charged particles/ions which are free to
    move.
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16
Q

What are properties of a covalent network structures.

A
  • They have a network of strong covalent bonds within one giant structure
  • They have very high melting and boiling points because the network of strong covalent bonds are not easily broken
  • They do not dissolve
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17
Q

What are most ionic substances soluble in?

A

Water

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18
Q

What are most covalent substances soluble in?

A

Acetone (covalent)

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19
Q

What are properties the ionic lattice?

A
  • Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points because strong ionic bonds must be broken in order to break up the lattice.
  • Many ionic compounds are soluble in water. As they dissolve the lattice structure breaks up allowing water molecules to surround the separated ions.
  • Ionic compounds conduct electricity only when molten or in solution as the lattice structure breaks up allowing the ions to be free to move.
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20
Q

Why can water conduct electricity?

A

Water dissociates int hydrogen and hydroxide ions.

small amounts of water molecules becomes hydrogen and hydroxide ions at a time

21
Q

What is pH?

A

A measure of the Hydrogen ion concentration.

22
Q

What produces acids and how are these produced/formed?

A

Non-metal oxides and they come from the burning of non-metals like fossil fuels.

23
Q

How are bases formed?

A

By dissolving - , metal oxides, metal , carbonates, metal hydroxides and ammonia.

24
Q

What is a base?

A

Any substance that can neutralise an acid.

25
Q

What forms an alkaline solution?

A

Any base that is soluble in water.

26
Q

What is a neutralisation reaction?

A

Any reaction in which a base reacts with an acid to form water and a salt.

27
Q

What is a salt in chemistry?

A

An ionic compound that can be formed by the neutralisation of an acid and a base.

28
Q

What is produced when a metal hydroxide is used to neutralise an acid?

A

Water + a salt

29
Q

What is produced when a metal oxide is used to neutralise an acid?

A

Water + a salt

30
Q

What is produced when a metal carbonate is used to neutralise an acid?

A

Water + a salt + carbon dioxide.

31
Q

What is produced when a metal carbonate is reacted with an acid and why is this not technically a neutralisation reaction?

A

Salt + hydrogen and is not technically a neutralisation reaction as no water is produced.

32
Q

What is the salt in a neutralisation reaction’s name formed from?

A

The non-metal of the acid and the metal of the base.

33
Q

What salt does hydrochloric acid produce in the neutralisation reaction?

A

Chlorides

34
Q

What salt does nitric acid produce in the neutralisation reaction?

A

Nitrates

35
Q

What salt does sulphuric acid produce in the neutralisation reaction?

A

Sulfates

36
Q

What are spectator ions?

A

Ions that are unchanged by the reaction.

37
Q

What are not spectator ions in neutralisation using metal oxides and hydroxides?

A

Hydrogen, Oxygen and Water.

38
Q

What are not spectator ions in neutralisation using metal carbonates?

A

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Water and Carbon Dioxide.

39
Q

What is the name of the solution to show when an acid has been neutralised in a tritation experiment?

A

The indicator

40
Q

What do yo always need to do before completing a tritaion equation?

A

Make sure the equation is balanced.

41
Q

If a salt is insoluble how can you get it to the solid state from a neutralisation reaction?

A

Filter it

42
Q

If a salt is soluble how can you get it to the solid state from a neutralisation reaction?

A

Evaporate the water to dryness by boiling it off or leaving out overnight/in sun all day.

43
Q

What are the 5 most common types of acid in exam questions and what is there formula?

A

Hydrochloric acid - HCl

Nitric acid - HNO3

Sulphuric acid - H2SO4

Phosphoric acid - H3PO4

Carbonic acid - H2CO3

44
Q

What happens to the rate of a reaction if you increase particle size?

A

Slow down the reaction as there will be a smaller surface area, resulting in a slower reaction.

45
Q

Omitting the spectator ions, what is the ionic equation for the reaction of an acid and an alkali?

A

H+ + OH- -> H2O

46
Q

Name the experimental methods to accurately

determine the concentration of solutions?

A

Titration

47
Q

Name the piece of apparatus used to measure the volume of solution added to the conical flask during tritation?

A

Burette

48
Q

Name the piece of apparatus used to measure the volume of solution added to the conical flask before the tritation starts?

A

Pipette

Nat 5 Chemistry (3 decks)

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