Unit 2 - Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

Bones / The Skeleton

Answer 1

Serve(s) as the framework of the body

Supports and protects other tissues/organs

Aids in movement

Plays a role in the formation of blood cells

Stores fat & inorganic materials

Question 2

Red bone marrow

Answer 2

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Clotting cells

Question 3

Yellow bone marrow

Answer 3

Fat storage

Question 4

Bone

Answer 4

Made up of osseous tissue

Two types: cortical and cancellous

Bone is living and always changing

Formation of bone (osteogenesis or ossification) begins prenatally and is completed at time of physical maturity

Formed from either cartilage material or sheet of connective tissue

Question 5

Cortical bone

Answer 5

Hard, outer layer, dense

Question 6

Cancellous bone

Answer 6

Porous/spongy, internal tissue

Question 7

Axial System

Answer 7

Includes the bones of the skull and vertebral column, plus the ribs, sternum, and hyoid apparatus

Question 8

Skull

Answer 8

Divided into the bones of the cranium, which surround the brain, and the face, which surround the eyes and respiratory & digestive pathways (nose and mouth)

Question 9

Vertebral Column

Answer 9

Supports the skull and body and provides protection for the spinal cord.

Comprised of individual bones called the vertebra and is subdivided into the cervical (neck), thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal (tail) types

Question 10

Ribs

Answer 10

26 ribs attach to the 13 thoracic vertebrae dorsally and 12 of them attach to the sternum (made up of 8 bones) ventrally

Question 11

Hyoid apparatus

Answer 11

Supports the tongue and larynx and is comprised ~9 articulated bones in the dog

Question 12

Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 12

Includes the bones of the limbs (two thoracic/fore and two pelvic/hind)

Question 13

Two Thoracic/for Limbs

Answer 13

Divided into the bones of the shoulder girdle (scapula & clavicle), arm/brachium (humerus), forearm/antebrachium (radius & ulna), and forepaw/manus (multiple carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges)

Question 14

Two Pelvic/hind Limbs

Answer 14

Divided into the bones of the pelvic girdle (os coxae/hip bone), thigh (femur), leg/crus (tibia and fibula), and hind paws/pes (multiple tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges)

Question 15

Joints (articulation)

Answer 15

Union or junction between two or more bones

Can facilitate, allow, and even prevent movement

Combining form for joint is arthr/o

Question 16

Structural Classification of Joints

Answer 16

Fibrous joints (bones held together by dense collagen fibers)

Cartilaginous joints (bones held together by cartilage)

Synovial joints (contain synovial fluid-filled cavity)

Question 17

Functional Classification of Joints

Answer 17

Synarthrosis (immovable joint)

Amphiarthrosis (a slightly movable joint)

Diarthrosis (a freely movable joint)

Question 18

Muscles

Answer 18

Function = produce movement

Comprised of muscle fibers

Can only actively contract

Activated by voluntary and involuntary nerve impulses

Question 19

Muscle Types

Answer 19

Smooth, cardiac, skeletal

Question 20

Skeletal muscles

Answer 20

Act on joints, not bones

Must cross a joint to act on it

One or more joints

Attachments vs. origin and insertion

Primary vs. Secondary (and Tertiary) actions

Question 21

Muscle Action

Answer 21

On limbs, most muscles flex and/or extend joints

Question 22

Flexion

Answer 22

Bending action, decreases angle between two bones

Question 23

Flexor surface of joint

Answer 23

Generally the <180 degrees side

Question 24

Extensor surface of joint

Answer 24

Generally the >180 degrees side

Question 25

Extention

Answer 25

Increases the angle between two bones

Question 26

Fibrous (collagen) connective tissue

Answer 26

Ligaments, tendons, aponeuroses, and fascia

Question 27

Ligament

Answer 27

Connects bone to bone

Question 28

Tendons & aponeuroses

Answer 28

Connects muscle to bone

Question 29

Tendons

Answer 29

Cord-like

Question 30

Aponeuroses

Answer 30

Thin/sheet-like

Question 31

Fascia

Answer 31

Covers and separates muscles. Thin & often sheet-like