Unit 2 : Multi-cellular Organisms - Control and Communication

Question 1

What does our nervous system control ?

Answer 1

Our nervous system controls every action that we make.

Question 2

What does our nervous system consist of ?

Answer 2

Central Nervous System / Peripheral Nervous System

Question 3

What does the central nervous consist of ?

Answer 3

Brain & spinal cord

Question 4

What is the flow of information ?

Answer 4

receptors (sensory organs) -[sensory nerves]- CNS - [motor nerves]- effectors (muscle/glands)

Question 5

What are the 3 main parts of the brain ?

Answer 5

Cerebrum, Cerebellum & Medulla

Question 6

What is the function of the cerebrum ?

Answer 6

Largest part of the brain. Responsible for mental processes such as memory, reasoning, imagination, conscious thought and intelligence.

Question 7

What is the function of the cerebellum ?

Answer 7

Controls balance & co-ordination. Sorts out information from the semi-circular canal.

Question 8

What is the function of the medulla ?

Answer 8

Controls the rate of breathing and heart beat.

Question 9

What are nerve cells in the nervous system called ?

Answer 9

neurons.

Question 10

What does a neuron have ?

Answer 10

cell body & nerve fibres.

Question 11

What are fatty sheath around axons for ?

Answer 11

insulation and to speed up nerve impulses.

Question 12

What is the gap between neurons called ?

Answer 12

synapse

Question 13

How are electrical impulses generated in the next neuron ?

Answer 13

Chemical transmitter substances are released from tiny vacuoles at the end of one neuron that diffuse across the synapse.

Question 14

What are the 3 types of neurons ?

Answer 14

Sensory neuron, relay neuron & motor neuron

Question 15

What is the function of a sensory neuron ?

Answer 15

Carry information from a sensory organ/ receptor to the CNS.

Question 16

What is the function of the relay neuron ?

Answer 16

Carry information from the nerve cell to nerve cell in the CNS.

Question 17

What is the function of the motor neuron ?

Answer 17

Carry information from the CNS to a muscle or to a gland. (effector organs)

Question 18

Describe the response from a muscle ?

Answer 18

Rapid action

Question 19

Describe the response of a gland ?

Answer 19

slower response

Question 20

What is a reflex action ?

Answer 20

A reflex action is a rapid automatic response to a

stimulus.

Question 21

What are reflex actions for ?

Answer 21

Reflex actions help to protect the body from damage.

Question 22

What is name given to the nervous pathway for such reflexes ?

Answer 22

reflex arc

Question 23

Describe the reflex action for touching a hot object ?

Answer 23

The stimulus is detected by temperature receptors in the skin. This triggers a nerve impulse in the sensory neuron. The nerve impulse travels in the sensory neuron to the spinal cord. The sensory neuron enters the spinal cord. The sensory neuron connects by a synapse to a relay neuron, which in turn connects to the motor neuron. The impulse travels along the motor neuron out of the spinal cord to the effector organ (bicep muscle). The muscle responds by contracting and causing the arm to move.

Question 24

Describe the knee jerk reflex ?

Answer 24

Stimulus is detected by receptors. Signal travels along sensory neutron. Signal passes from the sensory neuron to the relay neuron. Signal passes from relay neuron to motor neuron. Signal reaches muscle. Muscle responds.

Question 25

What are hormones ?

Answer 25

chemical messengers

Question 26

Where are hormones produced ?

Answer 26

Hormones are produced in endocrine glands.

Question 27

How do hormones travel around the body ?

Answer 27

They travel in the bloodstream to their target tissue

Question 28

Name the hormone and target tissue produced from the adrenal gland ?

Answer 28

Adrenaline / heart

Question 29

Name the hormone and target tissue produced from the pancreas ?

Answer 29

Insulin & glucagon / liver

Question 30

Name the hormone and target tissue produced from the ovaries ?

Answer 30

Oestrogen / uterus

Question 31

Name the hormone and target tissue produced from the testes ?

Answer 31

Testosterone / muscles

Question 32

Name the hormone and target tissue produced from the thyroid gland ?

Answer 32

Thyroxine / most cells

Question 33

Name the hormone and target tissue produced from the pituitary gland ?

Answer 33

growth hormone / most cells

Question 34

What are the comparisons between the nervous and endocrine system ?

Answer 34

Nervous system relies on impulses whereas the endocrine system relies on chemical messengers. Nervous system is quick acting whereas the endocrine system is slow acting. Nervous systems is a short term response whereas the endocrine system is a longer response.

Question 35

What 2 hormones are blood glucose levels controlled ?

Answer 35

Insulin / glucagon

Question 36

Describe glucose levels immediately after a meal ?

Answer 36

1) High blood sugar level is picked up by the pancreas. 2) Pancreas produces insulin. 3) Insulin travels in the bloodstream to the liver. 4) Insulin promotes the conversion of glucose into glycogen. 5) The blood sugar level is lowered.

Question 37

Describe glucose levels after exercise ?

Answer 37

1. Low blood sugar is picked up by the pancreas. 2. Pancreas produces glucagon. 3. Glucagon travels in the bloodstream to the liver. 4. Glucagon promotes the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. 5. The blood sugar level increases.

Question 38

What 2 ways can we test for a diabetic?

Answer 38

1. A clinistix test on urine. (When pink changes to purple, glucose is present) 2. Glucose tolerance curve

Question 39

How do we produce a glucose tolerance curve ?

Answer 39

The patient is given a glucose drink of known volume. | The blood glucose level is then monitored over 3 hours.

Question 40

What would we expect to see to the blood glucose level of the diabetic individual just as the glucose drink was given in comparison to the non-diabetic individual ?

Answer 40

The blood glucose level at the start is higher for the diabetic individual.

Question 41

What would we expect to see to the blood glucose level of the diabetic individual after about an 1 hour of having the glucose drink in comparison to the non-diabetic individual ?

Answer 41

When the glucose drink was given to the diabetic individual the blood glucose level rises to a much higher level and after an hour of have the drink still no insulin has been produced whereas the non-diabetics blood glucose level is beginning to return to its normal state.

Question 42

What would we expect to see to the blood glucose level after 2 hours of having the drink in comparison to the non-diabetic individual ?

Answer 42

After about 2 hours the diabetics blood glucose level begin to decrease as glucose is lost in the urine. The non-diabetic individual is just about back to its normal state.

Question 43

What would you expect to see to the blood glucose level of the diabetic individual after 3 hours after having the drink in comparison to the non-diabetic individual ?

Answer 43

The diabetics blood glucose level has still not returned to its original state and the non-diabetic individual glucose level has returned to its normal state.

Question 44

What is the cause of type 1 diabetes ?

Answer 44

The body is unable to produce any insulin and glucose builds up in the blood.

Question 45

What age does type 1 diabetes usually occur at ?

Answer 45

young age

Question 46

What treatment is given to type 1 diabetics ?

Answer 46

Daily insulin injections, healthy diet and regular exercise.

Question 47

What is the cause of type 2 diabetes?

Answer 47

Cells become resistant to insulin.

Question 48

What age does type 2 diabetes usually occur at ?

Answer 48

Later in life - older

Question 49

What is usually associated with type 2 diabetes ?

Answer 49

obesity

Question 50

What treatment is given to type 2 diabetics ?

Answer 50

healthy diets and regular exercise