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National 5 Biology UNIT2 > Unit 2 : Multi-cellular Organisms - Cells, Tissues and Organs > Flashcards

Unit 2 : Multi-cellular Organisms - Cells, Tissues and Organs Flashcards

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1
Q

What process do multi-cellular organisms undergo to allow them to carry out different jobs more effectively ?

A

They undergo differentiation (cells become different).

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2
Q

How do cells become different ?

A

By ‘switching on and off’ particular genes.

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3
Q

Give 3 examples of specialised animal cells ?

A

Red blood cell, nerve cell, ciliated cell.

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4
Q

State how the red blood cells structure/features are specialised for its function ? (2)

A

It has a biconcave disc shape/flexible = can travels easily through narrow blood vessels. It has no nucleus = more room for haemoglobin so more oxygen can be carried.

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5
Q

State how the nerve cells structure/features are specialised for its function ? (2)

A

Axons are long = increase surface area. Axons are insulated = speeds up impulses.

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6
Q

State how the ciliated cells structure/features are specialised for its function ?

A

Cilia are tiny hair like structures which beat rhythmically to sweep dirt away.

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7
Q

Give 4 examples of specialised plant cells ?

A

Xylem Vessel, root hair cell, palisade mesophyll, guard cell.

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8
Q

State how the xylem vessel structure/features are specialised for its function ? (2)

A

Dead hollow tube = allows water to travel through. Lignin rings = act as a support/ expand and contract to help water travel up the plant.

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9
Q

State how the root hair cell structure/features are specialised for its function ?

A

Long tail = increases surface area = absorbs more water from the soil.

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10
Q

State how the palisade mesophyll structure/features are specialised for its function?

A

They contain chloroplasts = carry out photosynthesis

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11
Q

State how the guard cell structure/features are specialised for its function ? (2)

A

They contain chloroplast = carry out photosynthesis. They have a gap = open and close stomata for gas exchange.

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12
Q

How are tissue and organs formed ?

A

Through the specialisation of cells in animals and plants.

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13
Q

What are cells ?

A

The basic unit of life.

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14
Q

What are tissues ?

A

Groups of similar cells carrying out the same function.

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15
Q

What are organs ?

A

Groups of different tissues that work together to carry out a particular function.

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16
Q

What is meant by specialised ?

A

Description of a cell that has become differentiated to carry out a particular function.

17
Q

What are systems ?

A

groups of organs that work together to carry out a particular function.

18
Q

What can tissues possess ?

A

They may possess groups of identical cells or a variety of cell types.

19
Q

What are the 4 basic types of animal tissue ?

A

epithelial, nervous, connective, muscle.

20
Q

What is the general function of the epithelial tissue ?

A

Forms a continuous sheet over body surfaces and inner cavities.

21
Q

What is the general function of the nervous tissue ?

A

Transmits messages in the form of impulses.

22
Q

What is the general function of the connective tissue ?

A

Variety of functions : binds structures together, provides support, fills spaces, stores fat & forms blood cells

23
Q

Give 3 examples of connective tissue ?

A

Cartilage and bone, blood, tendons and ligaments.

24
Q

What is the general function of the muscle tissue ?

A

To produce force and cause motion, either locomotion or movement within internal organs.

25
Q

Give 3 examples of muscle tissue ?

A

Smooth muscle (found in the digestive tract and uterus). Cardiac muscle (found in the heart). Skeletal muscle (found in the legs and arms

26
Q

What are stem cells ?

A

Unspecialised cell capable of dividing into cells that can develop into different cell types.

27
Q

What are the 2 processes which stem cells have the ability to do ?

A

Self-renew = maintain stem cell pool or differentiate = to replace damaged or dead specialised cells.

28
Q

What are stem cells involved in ?

A

growth and repair.

29
Q

Where are stem cells found ?

A

Embryonic stem cell – biastocyst – a very early embryo. Fetus/baby. Adults

30
Q

What is a meristem ?

A

Localised region of actively dividing cells in plants.

31
Q

What do meristems have the potential to do ?

A

become any type of plant cell.

32
Q

Where are meristems found ?

A

tips of the shoots and tips of the roots.

33
Q

What is the increase in length of the plant due to ?

A

Elongation of cells following cell division within the meristem.

34
Q

What are the zones within the meristem in shoot of the plant ?

A

Zone of cell division. Zone of cell elongation. Zone of cell differentiation.

35
Q

What are the zones within the meristem in root of the plant ?

A

Zone of cell differentiation. Zone of cell elongation. Zone of cell division.

National 5 Biology UNIT2 (5 decks)

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