UNIT 2- Mixed Flashcards
What is the XYY theory?
An extra Y chromosome in males that lead to crime
What are dizygotic twins?
Non-identical twins
What did the Twin Studies conclude?
Monozygotic twins (identical) are more likely to commit crime than dizygotic twins (non-identical)
What are monozygotic twins?
Identical twins
Hutchings and Mednick
Carried out the adoption studies, with findings that concluded that with 14,000 adopted children, a high proportion of boys with criminal convictions also had biological parents who had criminal convictions
What did Christiansen do?
He conducted the twin study by looking at over 3,500 twin pairs in the eastern part of Denmark
Mednick et al.
Found no correlation between children and adoptive parents, but found a correlation with biological parents and convictions
What did Lombroso say?
Criminals has primitive features (atavistic)
What did Sheldon classify criminals and non-criminals by?
Body shape/Somatotype
What is a mesomorph?
Muscular, aggressive, most likely to be criminal according to Sheldon
What is a brain abnormality?(relating to crime)
An injury to the brain (frontal cortex) may cause personality change and cause individuals to become criminal.
What is the frontal cortex?
A part of the brain which is responsible for rational thinking. (think things within reason, morals, etc.)
Raine, et al.
Carried out PET scans of living killers, and found that killers would more than likely have damage to the frontal cortex of the brain.
Who was Phineas Gage? (1848)
Phineas Gage was a railroad worker who had an incident, where a large metal rod went through his face, in his brain, and out the other side. He survived, however he had serious brain injury. His coworkers, friends and family saw a huge personality change, and this was due to severe damage to the frontal cortex.
Who was Charles Whitman? (1966)
He was a mass shooter in Texas, known as the Texas Tower Sniper. He wrote a letter saying that he thought something was wrong, as it was brought to the attention on the autopsy that he had a tumour on the frontal cortex of his brain.
Neurochemicals
Chemicals that are ingested may impact people’s feelings and actions.
Steroids
Medicines that can cause ‘roid rage’, which can lead to uncontrollable impulsive decisions.
John Wayne Gacy
A man who sexually assaulted, tortured and killed 33 men. He had XYY syndrome. (Extra Y chromosome)
Concordance rate
The percentage that if one twin has a characteristic that the other twin has the same characteristic.
How many people did Lombroso examine?
400 dead
4000 living
Serotonin (in brain)
A neurochemical which if there a low levels in the brain, it can link to high levels of aggression.
What is observational learning?
When an observer’s behaviour changes after watching another individual.
Bandura
Social Learning Theory
Psychodynamic Theory
Freud
