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biology 12 > Unit 2: Metabolic Processes > Flashcards

Unit 2: Metabolic Processes Flashcards

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1
Q

energy

A

is the ability to do work and organisms must continually capture, store and use energy. has the ability to rearrange matter. ex: living cells take macromolecules and convert them to monomers.

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2
Q

metabolism

A

sum of all anabolic and catabolic processes in a cell or organism

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3
Q

anabolic reaction

A

large input of energy + monomers -> polymers

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4
Q

catabolic reaction

A

polymer -> release of energy + monomers

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5
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy related to motion

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6
Q

types of potential energy

A

thermal, mechanical, electromagenetic, electrical

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7
Q

potential energy

A

energy that matter contains due to location or structure (stored energy)

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8
Q

types of potential energy

A

gravitational, chemical (bond)

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9
Q

thermodynamics

A

study of energy transformation that occur in matter

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10
Q

bond energy/enthalpy

A

measure of the stability of a covalent bond, measured in kJ. equal to the amount of energy required to break one mole of bond between two atoms

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11
Q

enthalpy

A

the heat absorbed or released from a system under constant pressure (delta H is change in bond enthalpy)

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12
Q

potential energy diagram

A

diagram that illustrates the energy changes that occur during a chemical reaction.

endothermic reaction: reactants lower than products.
exothermic reaction: reactants higher than products.

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13
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

the total amount of energy in the universe is constant. energy cannot be created or destroyed but only converted from one form into another

chemical reactions that occur within a living organism allows for energy conversion

example: cheetah consumes macromolecules, the bonds store potential energy, the bonds are broken and energy is released as kinetic energy allows for motion and released as heat

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14
Q

endothermic/endergonic

A

products have a larger amount of energy than the reactants. energy was absorbed by the products and stored within its bond. delta H always positive

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15
Q

exothermic/exergonic

A

products have less energy than the reactants. energy is released during the reaction. delta H is negative

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16
Q

activation energy

A

additional amount of energy required for a reaction to proceed

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17
Q

transition state

A

the highest state of energy. it’s the most unstable

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18
Q

entropy

A

measure of the randomness or disorder energy and it tends to increase when disorder increases

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19
Q

entropy increases when

A

solid reactant becomes liquid
liquid reactants become gaseous
complex molecules react to form simpler molecules
solutes move with their concentration gradients

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20
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

the entropy of the universe increases with any change that occurs
naturally our universe will go from an ordered state to a disordered state

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21
Q

gibbs free energy

A

ΔG = ΔH -TΔS
Gibbs free energy = enthalpy difference - temperature (change in entropy)
ΔH < 0 (-), ΔS > 0 (+) -> spontaneous
ΔH > 0 (+) , ΔS < 0 (-) -> non spontaneous

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22
Q

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

is the primary source of free energy in living cells. It can provide energy for endergonic reactions used in the cell.

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23
Q

phosphorylation

A

the inorganic phosphate attaches to a protein. ATP -> ADP and the phosphate attaches to a protein

24
Q

substrate level phosphorylation

A

mechanism used to form ATP directly in an enzyme catalyzed reactions. enzyme that has ADP and the phosphorylated substrate has an active site for both, takes the phosphate and makes ATP again

25
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

this process is used in cellular respiration within the mitochondria to create ATP. the voltage gated channel opens when there is a high concentration of H+ in the intermembrane space. H+ are pumped back in to create ATP

26
Q

aerobic cellular respiration

A

involves harvesting energy from organic compounds using oxygen.

27
Q

3 main goals of cellular respiration:

A

create ATP
break bond in glucose
move hydrogen atoms from glucose to oxygen to create water

28
Q

4 stages of cellular respiration

A

glycolysis
krebs cycle
ETC and chemiosomosis

29
Q

glycolysis steps and yield

A

investment phase: glucose (6C) becomes two G3P (3C) by investing 2 ATP

payoff phase: each G3P is converted into pyruvate. also makes NADH, 2 ATP, AND H2O (per one pyruvate)

net yield: 4 ATP - 2 ATP invested = 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 H2O

30
Q

krebs cycle steps

A

acetyl-coA is added to oxaloacetate. 3 NAD+ are added and 3 NADH are made. FAD is added and FADH2 is made. 2 CO2 are removed. ADP is added and ATP is produced. (x2 per glucose)

net yield (for two cycles per one glucose): 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2, 2 ATP

31
Q

krebs cycle purpose

A

purpose of krebs is to make electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) which will move onto step 4

32
Q

ETC (cellular respiration)

A

…

33
Q

chemiosmosis (oxidative phosphorylation)

A

electrochemical gradient forms

34
Q

anaerobic cellular respiration definition

A

cellular respiration without oxygen or a mitochondria

35
Q

types of anaerobic cellular respiration

A

lactic acid fermentation
alcoholic fermentation

36
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

(animals and bacteria): pyruvate converts to lactate to convert NADH back into NAD+ to repeat glycolysis

37
Q

alcoholic fermentation

A

(yeast): pyruvate is converted into ethyl alcohol and CO2, converting NADH back into NAD+ to repeat glycolysis, also causing a buildup of carbon dioxide.

38
Q

photosynthesis reaction equation

A

6 CO2 + 6 H20 -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

39
Q

stroma

A

fluid filled interior of the chloroplast
(light independent reactions occur here)

40
Q

thylakoid

A

interconnected disks that form a grana
(light dependent reactions occur in thylakoid membrane)

41
Q

chlorophyll A

A

absorbs violet/blue light and red light. it emits and reflects green/blue light

42
Q

chlorophyll B

A

is similar to chlorophyll A however it emits a yellow/green light.

43
Q

carotenoids

A

absorbs violet and blue/green light but emits yellow/orange light

44
Q

photosystem

A

protein based complex composed of clusters of pigments that absorb light energy; transmembrane protein found on the thylakoid membrane

45
Q

antenna complex

A

pigment molecules including chlorophyll B, carotenoids (accessory pigments) that capture the initial photons of light

46
Q

reaction center

A

composed of chlorophyll A molecules and proteins

47
Q

photosystem I (P700)

A

the reaction center can absorb wavelengths of 700 nm

48
Q

photosystem II (P680)

A

the reaction center can absorb wavelengths of 680 nm

49
Q

photoexcitation

A

P680 absorbs a photon of light in its antenna complex and transfers the energy to the reaction center whereby an electron is “excited”

50
Q

photolysis

A

water molecules are split and transfer their electrons to the reaction center of P680 to replenish it.

51
Q

ETS (photosynthesis)

A

…

52
Q

photophosphorylation

A

the use of photons of light to drive the phosphorylation of ADP to produce ATP via chemiosmosis

53
Q

cyclic versus non-cyclic photosynthesis

A

cyclic: photosystem II shuts down and NADP reductase is shut down. only ATP is made. happens when the concentration of ATP is lower than NADPH

54
Q

calvin cycle

A

step 2 of photosynthesis, light independent

55
Q

steps of calvin cycle

A

starting molecule - 3 RuBP (5C each)
3 CO2 added from atmosphere (1C each)
each combine and form 3 of 6C intermediate
6C intermediate splits into 2 3C molecules each (6 total)
becomes 6 G3P (3C each)
5 G3P rearranged to form 3 RuBP
1 G3P leaves the cycle

56
Q

photorespiration

A

wasterful pathway that occurs when the calvin cycle enzyme rubisco acts on oxygen rather than carbon dioxide. this occurs when carbon dioxide concentrations are low.

57
Q

adaptations for photoresp (C3, C4, and CAM)

A

…

biology 12 (4 decks)

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