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biology 12 > Unit 1: Chemical Basis of Life > Flashcards

Unit 1: Chemical Basis of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

nucleus

A

control center of the cell
-nuclear membrane and nucleolus

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2
Q

nuclear membrane

A

allows molecules and RNA to enter or leave

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3
Q

nucleolus

A

synthesizes rybosomes

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4
Q

ribosomes

A

particles made up of ribosomal RNA and protein, consist of a large subunit and small subunit.

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5
Q

what and where do ribosomes synthesize

A

carry out protein synthesis in the cytosol (free ribosomes) and on the outside of the ER or nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes)

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6
Q

what do ribosomes do when attached to RNA

A

ribosomes attach to the RNA and read the genetic code to make a polypeptide

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7
Q

parts of the endomembrane system

A

endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
lysosomes

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8
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough)

A

ER membrane is continuous with the nuclear envelope.
smooth ER: lacks ribosomes, synthesizes fats
rough ER: has ribosomes on its surface, synthesizes proteins

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9
Q

golgi apparatus

A

“post office” of the cell
consists of cisternae
cis face: recieving and trans face: shipping

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10
Q

golgi apparatus function

A

sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles; adds “tags” to the proteins so that they can be delivered to the correct destination
modifies products of the ER
manufactures certain macromolecules

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11
Q

lysosome definition

A

membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules

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12
Q

lysosome function

A

fuses with the food vacuole and digests the macromolecules
use enzymes to recycle the cells own organelles and macromolecules (autogaphy)

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13
Q

mitochondria definition

A

“powerhouse of the cell”
smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into cristae

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14
Q

mitochondria function

A

uses cellular respiration to take glucose and convert it into ATP

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15
Q

chloroplasts

A

found in plant cells and help capture light to produce glucose (photosynthesis) that is then used for cellular respiration

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16
Q

cell wall

A

protects and supports plant cell
prevents toxins from entering
maintains shape and keeps it rigid

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17
Q

cytoskeleton

A

mesh network
maintains shape
used for transport
anchors cell membrane and organelles in place

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18
Q

cilia

A

enables organisms to move within a medium using a back and forth motion

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19
Q

cilia example

A

present in the respiratory tract: beats back and forth to remove debris

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20
Q

flagella

A

tail like structure that is usually present in ore or two appendages
sperm cells (male zygote) have it

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21
Q

cell membrane

A

semi-permeable
made up of phospholipids: hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails oriented in a bilayer where the tails face each other

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22
Q

what can diffuse through the cell membrane

A

non-polar molecules are able to diffuse readily across the cell membrane
small and uncharged polar molecules can diffuse into the cell
large, polar, or charged molecules cannot diffuse through the membrane on their own

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23
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

discovered by jonathon singer and grath nicholism.
cell membrane is a bilayer of phospholipids that contain cholestrol, proteins and glycoproteins
mosaic: different molecules
fluid: movement of phospholipids

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24
Q

integral or transmembrane protein

A

imbedded within the cell membrane, span the entire length and are exposed and outside of the cell membrane, used as a portal

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25
Q

peripheral protein

A

locate within the cell membrane

26
Q

cholesterol function

A

maintains the fluidity of the cell membrane
-if temp increases, phospholipids increase in movement and cholesterol stabilizes the membrane by acting as a bookstand (add cholesterol)
-if temp decreases, the cholesterol prevents close packing of phospholipids by spacing them out (remove cholesterol)

27
Q

factors that affect membrane fluidity

A

temperature: high temp, high fluidity
fatty acid tails: combo of saturated and unsaturated needed
fatty acid tail length: longer tail, more IMFs, more stability. must have combo of short and long

28
Q

endomembrane system summary

A

DNA turns into RNA in nucleus, RNA leaves the nucleus and goes into rough ER, changed into protein, protein leaves rough ER through vesicle, delivered to golgi, they fuse, are modified and sorted, then delivered to their locations (some may become lysosomes)

29
Q

diffusion

A

substances will move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (concentration gradient) until they reach a point of equilibrium

30
Q

factors affecting rate of diffusion

A

temperature: incr in temp incr rate
size of molecules: smaller = faster
conc. difference: greater difference the quicker rate
molecule ion or charge: charged/polar molecules cannot diffuse across the cell membrane
surface area: incr SA incr rate

31
Q

cell transport overview

A

passive (simple, facilitated, osmosis) and active transport (carrier, endocytosis/exocytosis)

32
Q

passive transport

A

molecules move with their concentration gradient and no energy is required

33
Q

active transport

A

molecules move against their gradient (low to high conc.) and energy is required

34
Q

simple diffusion (passive)

A

movement of molecules (non-polar, uncharged, small) through the membrane

35
Q

facilitated diffusion (passive)

A

large, polar, charged molecules require assistance from transmembrane proteins

36
Q

transmembrane proteins

A

span the length of the bilayer, are specific to the solute. assist in facilitated diffusion

37
Q

transmembrane protein structure

A

beta-helix contains polar amino acids and interacts with water
alpha-helix contains non-polar amino acids; this allows the transmembrane protein to be embedded in the bilayer-it interacts with phospholipids

38
Q

types of transmembrane proteins

A

channel protein: no conformational change, more solutes at a time. hydrophilic interior with polar amino acids
carrier protein: changes conformation, groove limits number of solutes carried, channel is surrounded by non-polar amino acids

39
Q

osmosis (passive)

A

net movement of water against a selectively permeable membrane. moves with its concentration gradient.
water will move from low solute/high free water to high solute/low free water

40
Q

terms to describe solute concentration

A

isotonic: equal concentration on both sides of the cell
hypertonic: high solute (low water) concentration outside of the cell (high water in cell)
hypotonic: high solute (low water) concentration inside of the cell

41
Q

terms to describe solute concentration

A

isotonic: equal concentration on both sides of the cell
hypertonic: high solute (low water) concentration outside of the cell (high water in cell)
hypotonic: high solute (low water) concentration inside of the cell

42
Q

ideal solute concentration for plant and animal cells

A

animals: isotonic is ideal. shrivel with hypertonic. burst with hypotonic.
plants: flaccid with isotonic. plasmolyzed with hypertonic. ideal (turgid) with hypotonic.

43
Q

carrier proteins

A

cells contain carrier proteins that help pump the nutrients into the cell against its concentration gradient
aka “pump”

44
Q

phosphorylation

A

when phosphate from ATP attaches to a protein

45
Q

electrochemical gradient:

A

electrical gradient (pos. vs. neg.) creates a force to bring H+ back into the cell. chemical gradient ([high] vs. [low])

46
Q

sodium potassium pump

A
47
Q

proton pump

A

carrier protein for active transport of proton. involves an electrochemical gradient. when protons reenter the cell through the cotransporter, it is coupled to sucrose, which will use the energy from the gradient to enter the cell

48
Q

membrane-assisted transport

A

transport method used to move materials that are too large to move across the cell membrane through a channel or carrier cell (does not use a transmembrane protein)

49
Q

endocytosis

A

exterior medium is brought into the cell by folding the cell membrane and pinching off to form a vesicle. surface area is decreased.

50
Q

types of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor mediated

51
Q

phagocytosis (endocytosis)

A

cell eating
large particle is encolsed within a membrane-enclosed vacuole. particles are digested when the vacuole binds to a lysosome

52
Q

pinocytosis

A

cell drinkng
the cell gulps droplets of extracellular fluid into vesicles

53
Q

receptor mediated

A

membrane has receptors that bind to specific molecules (ligands). receports are covered in coated pits; a message is relayed betweent eh receptor and the coate dpit to allow membrane to enfold

54
Q

receptor mediated

A

membrane has receptors that bind to specific molecules (ligands). receports are covered in coated pits; a message is relayed betweent eh receptor and the coate dpit to allow membrane to enfold

55
Q

receptor mediated

A

membrane has receptors that bind to specific molecules (ligands). receports are covered in coated pits; a message is relayed betweent eh receptor and the coate dpit to allow membrane to enfold

56
Q

receptor mediated

A

membrane has receptors that bind to specific molecules (ligands). receports are covered in coated pits; a message is relayed betweent eh receptor and the coate dpit to allow membrane to enfold

57
Q

receptor mediated

A

membrane has receptors that bind to specific molecules (ligands). receports are covered in coated pits; a message is relayed betweent eh receptor and the coate dpit to allow membrane to enfold

58
Q

receptor mediated

A

membrane has receptors that bind to specific molecules (ligands). receports are covered in coated pits; a message is relayed betweent eh receptor and the coate dpit to allow membrane to enfold

59
Q

receptor mediated

A

membrane has receptors that bind to specific molecules (ligands). receports are covered in coated pits; a message is relayed betweent eh receptor and the coate dpit to allow membrane to enfold

60
Q

receptor mediated

A

membrane has receptors that bind to specific molecules (ligands). receports are covered in coated pits; a message is relayed betweent eh receptor and the coate dpit to allow membrane to enfold

61
Q

receptor mediated

A

membrane has receptors that bind to specific molecules (ligands). receports are covered in coated pits; a message is relayed betweent eh receptor and the coate dpit to allow membrane to enfold

62
Q

exocytosis

A

opposite of endocytosis
the cell secretres macromolecules by fusing a vescile with the cell memrbane. surface area is increased.

biology 12 (4 decks)

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