Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CNUR 203 midterm > Unit 2 Lav values, Lytes, and Fluids > Flashcards

Unit 2 Lav values, Lytes, and Fluids Flashcards

1
Q

Anemia

A

Body does not have enough
Red blood cells to carry oxygen through the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does Braden scale measure

A

The risk for pressure ulcers/skin breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is 23-19 on Braden score

A

Not at risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is 18-15 on Braden score

A

Mildly at risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is 14-13 on Braden scale

A

Moderate risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is 12-10 on Braden scale

A

High risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the point of packing a wound

A

cause it to heal from bottom up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Lab tests

A

Urinalysis, Hematology, Coagulation, Chemistry, Blood gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How to get a UA

A

Midstream or from a catheter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Types of UA

A

-Random (glucose, white count) 24 hour collection, Urinary C and S (what is growing and what antibiotic is needed to kill it)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When to take a Urine sample

A

In the morning (urine is least diluted)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

24 hour Urine sampling

A

Start 0600-0600 collect every drop of urine to determine kidney failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does high Urea in blood and Low urea in Uric tell us?

A

It shows that they are unable to metabolise it and kidneys are not working

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Low creatinine indicates

A

chronic kidney disease or serious kidney damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

High serum creatinine indicates

A

Blocked urinary tract. Kidney problems, such as kidney damage or failure, infection, or reduced blood flow. Loss of body fluid (dehydration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Culture and sensitivity

A

Culture and sensitivity testing is done to help diagnose an infection. It may also help your health care provider decide which antibiotics to use in treating your infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does it means to be antibiotic sensitive

A

This means that the antibiotic will work to fight against the bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does it mean when an antibiotic is intermediate

A

This means the antibiotic will work but needs an extra dosage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does it mean if an antibiotic is resistant

A

the antibiotic will not work against the bacteria (should not take this specific antibiotic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Gram staining

A

A Gram stain is a laboratory test that checks for bacteria at the site of a suspected infection or in certain bodily fluids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is blood made of?

A

Plasma, RBC, EBC, Platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does Plasma do

A

55% of blood
Liquid proton of your blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are RBC

A

The red blood cell’s main function is to carry oxygen from the lungs and deliver it throughout our body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are WBC purpose

A

White blood cells are part of the body’s immune system. They help the body fight infection and other diseases. Types of white blood cells are granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils), monocytes, and lymphocytes (T cells and B cells) High can show infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Platelets

A

Platelets, or thrombocytes, are small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that form clots and stop or prevent bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

3 Functions of the blood:

A

Transport:
-Oxygen, nutrients, hormones, metabolic waste, CO2, Ammonia, Urea
Regulates:
-Fluid balance
-Electrolyte balance
-Body temp
Protection:
-Fight infection
-Prevent recurrent infection
-Coagulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

High WBC count may indicate

A

infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Iron/has carrying capacity. This is the protein that carries oxygen to organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Hematocrit

A

The percentage by volume of red cells in your blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

MCH

A

The weight of your red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

MCV

A

The size of your Red blood cells (can help diagnose anemia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

MCHC

A

RBC saturated with hemoglobin (average concentration of hemoglobin in a group of red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

RDW

A

Red blood cell distribution (helps diagnose anemia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

MPV

A

Mean platelet volume based on side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Neutrophils

A

They travel to the site of infection, where they destroy the microorganisms by ingesting them and releasing enzymes that kill them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

High Neutrophils

A

They help you fight infection. If there are too many neutrophils in your bloodstream, you may develop leukocytosis, or a high total white blood cell count. Symptoms of fever or infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Low Neutrophil

A

Neutropenia is the result of your body destroying neutrophils before your bone marrow can create more. Causes of a low neutrophil count include: Infection (hepatitis, tuberculosis, sepsis, Lyme disease). Chemotherapy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Coagulation

A

When to bleed, how much, but not too much… how much time it take

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

APTT

A

used to measure and evaluate all the clotting factors of the intrinsic and common pathways of the clotting cascade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

APTT is effected by what medication

A

Heaparin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

INR

A

tells you how long it takes for your blood to clot.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What med is INR effected by

A

Warfarin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

4 stages on Clotting cascade

A
  1. Vascular response
  2. Platelet plug
  3. FIbrin clot
  4. Clot dissolution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Clot process

A

-injury to blood vessel
-Blood vessel around wound constrict reduce blood flow to the damage area
-Activated platelets stick to injury site
-Platelets and damaged toss release clotting factors
-Blood clotting mechanism to form fibrin which acts like mech to stop the bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Normocytic

A

(not enough)
Caused by…
-Acute blood loss
-Chronic blood loss
-Renal disease
-Anemia of Chronic disease
-Body cannot make enough iron due to chronic demand and inflammation (Females)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Microcytic

A

Caused by…
Too small. Iron Deficiency, blood loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Macrocyte

A

Caused by…
Too large. Megaloblastic, Vitamin B12/Folate deficiency, Alcoholism, Hypothyroidism, Error in bone marrow production, COPD, Erythropoietin administration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Sickle cell disease

A

genetic defect that happens in chromosomes, it make red cells a different shape causing them to flow differently (Can get stuck together causing a clot)

49
Q

Symptoms of Anemia

A

Faitning and fatigue, SOB, Muscle weakness, Changed stool colour, yellowed eyes, chest pain, angina, heart attack, spleen enlargement, yellow skin

50
Q

Diet changes for people with anemia

A

iron-is anemia comrich, greens, increased meat, whole grains

51
Q

why is anemia common in older people

A

Potential causes of iron deficiency anemia in this age group include blood loss, nutritional deficiencies, medications, underlying conditions, and malabsorption.

52
Q

Why is a patient with chronic renal failure at risk for anemia?

A

When your kidneys are damaged, they produce less erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone that signals your bone marrow—the spongy tissue inside most of your bones—to make red blood cells. With less EPO, your body makes fewer red blood cells, and less oxygen is delivered to your organs and tissues.

53
Q

how are electrolytes measured

A

mmol/L in serum

54
Q

What can cause fluid shift (electrolyte imbalance)

A

Inflammation and illness can alter the pressure

55
Q

Sodium function in the body

A

-Maintaining water balance (NA follows water)
-Maintain BP
-Transmission of nerve impulse
-Acid-base balance
-Regulated by the renel system and ADH

56
Q

HyperNAtremia

A

(too much sodium)

57
Q

Symptoms of Hypernatremia

A

Fatigue, seizure, weakness, edema, agitation, coma, weight gain, hypertension

58
Q

Symptoms of Hyponatremia

A

GI loss, Renel loss, Resp complications, Burns, High output wounds, headaches, irritability, confusion, coma

59
Q

Potassium does

A

Muscle contraction, conduct nerve impulses, promote cellular growth, maintain normal cardiac rhythm, regulate Renal system

60
Q

Hyperkalmia effects

A

Increased intake, impaired renel function, metabolic acidosis

61
Q

Hyperkalmia Symptoms

A

Weak skeletal muscle, leg cramping, ECG changes, Irregular pulse

62
Q

Hypokalemia effects

A

Lose too much fluid

Loss of NA intake

63
Q

Hypokalemia Symptoms

A

Fatigue, muscle weakness, leg cramps, N and V, Slow, weak pulse

64
Q

Treatment Hyperkalemia

A

-This is a medical emergency
-Need to move K+ from the serum to the cell (extracellular to intracellular)
-Cardiac monitoring
-Humulin R
-Dexrose
IV furosemide
-PO/PR Kayexulate
-Ventolin Neb
-IV Calcium Glucomnate

65
Q

Humulin R

A

insulin is a potent stimulus for hypokalaemia, sparing body potassium from urinary excretion by transporting it into cells.

66
Q

Foresemide

A

Inhibits the reabsorption of sodium and chloride from the loop of Henle and distal renal tubule.
Increases renal excretion of water, sodium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, and calcium.
Effectiveness persists in impaired renal function.

67
Q

Why are people with diabetes who require a lot of insulin at risk for hypokalameia

A

Exogenous insulin can induce mild hypokalemia because it promotes the entry of K+ into skeletal muscles and hepatic cells by increasing the activity of the Na+-K+-ATPase pump

68
Q

Chloride

A

tags along with potassium and maintains the acid base balance

69
Q

Urea function in the body

A

-Measures amount of nitrogen in blood
-indicates how well the kidneys filter
-by product of protein metabolism
-formed by the liver
-Helps identify the fluid status
-regulated by renal system

70
Q

creatinine function in the body

A

-waste product of the muscle metabolism
-regulated by the kidneys
-muscle contraction
(transported through the bloodstream to the kidneys, filtered out through urine)

71
Q

High creatinine indicates

A

severe dehydration, renal failure

72
Q

low creatinine indicates

A

decreased muscle mass, inadequate protein intake

73
Q

Calcium job in the body

A

-Development of healthy teeth and bones
-Transmission of nerve impulse
-cardiac contraction
-blood clotting
-Large muscle contraction

74
Q

what is calcium regulated by

A

parathyroid gland

75
Q

Calcium needs

A

Vit D and Calcitonin

76
Q

When serum levels drop where does the body get calcium from

A

bones

77
Q

Is excess calcium stored

A

no, it is filtered out

78
Q

Hypercalemia symptoms

A

-Impaired memory
-Confusion
-faitgue
-muscle weakness
-constipation
-ABN heart rhythm
-Renal calculi

79
Q

Hypercalemia is caused by

A

Hyperparathyroidism, cancers, calcium leeches out

80
Q

Hypocalcemia is caused by

A

Acute pancreatis
blood transfusion
diet/absorption
Vitamin D deficiency

81
Q

Foods to treat Hypocalcemia

A

Raw milk, yogurt kale, cheese, sardines, broccoli, okra, almonds, book chow, watercress

82
Q

Hypermagnesmia caused by

A

Renal failure, prenatal treatment of preeclampsia

83
Q

Symptoms of Hypermagnesmia

A

Nerves and muscle function, hypotension, fatigue, facial flushing

84
Q

Hypomagnesemia is caused by

A

GI loss, renal loss, Chronic alcoholism, prolonged malnutrition, serum glucose over 10 mmol

85
Q

Symptoms/Assessment for Hypomagnesemia

A

Can mimic hypocalcemia, cardiac, neuromuscular, confusion, seizure

86
Q

What happens if magnesium is administered too fast

A

Hypotension, cardiac and resp arrest

87
Q

Phosphate function in the body

A

Helps control function of muscle, RBC and nervous system, deposited with calcium

88
Q

As phosphate rises what happens to calcium

A

it decreases

89
Q

Hyperphsophatemia is caused by

A

renal failure, chemotherapy, large doses of vitamin D

90
Q

What to assess when suspecting Hyperphosphatemia

A

See symptoms of hypocalcemia because Calcium will be low

91
Q

Hypophosphatemua is caused by

A

malnourishment, Alchohol withdrawal

92
Q

Symptoms of Hypophsphatemia

A

Altered CNS, Muscle weakness, Increased WOB, Cardiac dysrhythmia

93
Q

Function of glucose

A

provides energy for the cells
Regulates liver, kidney, pancrease

94
Q

Causes of Hyperglycemia

A

too much food, too little insulin, illness, stress, steroid use

95
Q

Symptoms of hyperglycaemia

A

Thirst (polydipsia), Frequent urination (Polyuria), loss of appetite (Polyphagia), flushed dry skin, fruit like breath, rapid deep breathing, nausea/vomitting, abdominal cramping, increased temp

96
Q

Cause of hypoglycaemia

A

too little food, too much insulin or oral diabetes, extra exercise

97
Q

Symptoms of hypoglycaemia

A

shaky light headed, causes, nervous/irritable, confused unable to concentrate, hungry, tachycardia, diaphoretic, headache, weak, drowsy, numb, tingling, chills, cold sweats, low orientation

98
Q

Hot and dry

A

sugar high

99
Q

Cool and clammy

A

Need some candy

100
Q

Why does fluid stay where it belongs

A

Starlings hypothesis States that fluid movement due to filtration across the all of a capillary is dependent between the hydrostatic pressure gradient and the oncotic pressure gradient

101
Q

what is the hydrostatic pressure gradient

A

what pushes the water out

102
Q

what is the osmotic pressure gradient

A

Pushes the water in

103
Q

the release of what simulates thirst

A

ADH

104
Q

2nd spacing fluid

A

accumulation of interstitial fluid edema

105
Q

3rd spacing fluid

A

accumulation of fluid between serial membranes ascites, effusion, peritoneal fluid

106
Q

Hypertonic fluids

A

pulls water from the cell
3% saline

107
Q

Isotonic fluids

A

no effects on the cell

108
Q

Hypotonic fluids

A

water moves into the cell

109
Q

Why would a patient get IV fluids

A
  1. Maintenance
  2. Replacement
110
Q

Colloids IV fluids

A

(come in a bottle) large molecules (usually protein) do not pass through see permeable membrane remain in intravascular compartment

111
Q

Crystalloid IV fluid

A

Small molecules that pass through semi permeable membrane (NA, K) and non electrolyte dextrose

112
Q

Symptom of dehydration

A

increased thirst, fatigue, headache, dizziness, trouble concentrating, decreased urine output, nausea, muscle cramps/ABD pain, decreased bowel sounds

113
Q

Why does dehydration matter

A

Cells cannot function without water, body response by pulling needed fluid from the periphery

114
Q

what will doc order when patient is dehydrated

A

IV bolus, Lab work

115
Q

Patient teaching for dehydration

A

what to drink how much to drink

116
Q

Symptoms of fluid overload

A

headache. increased uric output, SOB, Palpations, weight gain, edema

117
Q

What labs will change in Fluid overload

A

WBC, RBC, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, MVV, Platelets

118
Q

Nursing intervention for excess fluid

A

-Cath, Furosemide, daily weight

119
Q

How much urine should be in the bladder in an hour

A

20 mL

CNUR 203 midterm (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions