Unit 2 -Infancy Flashcards
Cephalocaudal growth
Tendency for growth and development to proceed from the head downward.
Young infants gain control over the trunk of their bodies before they gain control over their hands and fingers.
Proximodistal growth
The tendency for growth and development to occur from the inside of the body outward.
Experience-expectant process
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Experience-dependent
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Piaget’s sensorimotor stage
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Object permanence
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A-not-B error
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Language Aquisition Device
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What is the interactionalist approach to language development?
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Major milestones in hearing from birth to the first year.
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Summarize the development of vision in terms of acuity, focal length and colour vision.
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Western medical model
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Nervous system contains two parts:
Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous system (PNS)
Central nervous system
- the control centre of the body. It comprises thr brain and the spinal cord.
- directs mental and basic life processes
Peripheral nervous system
-connects the central nervous system to the internal organs, bones, and muscles.
-carries info to and from the central nervous system
-Somatic Nervous System(sns) (vuluntary) controls voluntary muscles, conveys sensory info to the cns and sends motor messages to muscles.
-Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) (involuntary)
controls involuntary basic life functions, such as heartbeat and response to stress.
Axon
A nerve fibre that typically sends electrical impulses away from the neuron’s cell body.
Neuron
A brain or nerve cell that serves as the basic building block of the nervous system.
Cerebral cortex
The uppermost part of the brain and the centre largely responsible for complex brain functions.
The brain’s primary job in the first 2 years is to make and strengthen connections between brain cells and neurons. HOW IS A CONNECTION MADE?
A connection is made when the axon of one neuron sends a message- an electrical impulse- that is received by the dendrite of another neuron.
Dendrite
A branching structure arising from the cell body that typically receives electrical impulses from the neighbouring neurons.
Synapse
The space between neurons across which messages are sent and received.
Myelination
The process in which the axon of a neuron is coated with a fatty tissue, called myelin, which serves as insulation and enhances speed of firing
Reflex
The simplest and quickest neural pathway because they involve few neurons: a sensory neuron and a motor neuron.
An involuntary response to a stimulus.
Newborn reflex
An inborn response to stimuli, which may disappear before the end of the first year of life.
Reflexes provide a behavioural measure of the development of the nervous system, so they’re often incorporated into newborn assessments
The Newborn Reflexes are:
Plantar grasp Babinski (plantar response) Moro Palmer grasp Rooting and sucking Stepping or walking Crawling Tonic neck
Implicit memory
Repetition of a behaviour, such as a leg movement to make an object move, that occurs automatically without apparent or conscious effort.
Like in Rovee-Collier’s study with the foot and the mobile.
Explicit memory
Repetition of behavior that shows a clear, observable conscious effort to recall an event, such as when an infant imitates at a later time a behaviour seen earlier.
Deferred imitation
The ability to imitate an action after a delay and not in the presence of a model. Appears to emerge around 6-7 months
Habituation
A decreased response to a continually present stimulus over time. (Like perfume not smelling as strong after a while)
Dishabituation
Increased response to a stimulus, usually because it’s new or novel.
LAD
Language acquisition device
Noam Chomsky came up with this term as the way to describe An inborn theoretical structure that aids all humans to learn about the rules of language.
Interactionist approach
Recognizes and emphasises the role socialization plays in language learning.
Visual cliff
Used to determine the development on depth perception
