Developmental Theories Flashcards
Freud’s psychosexual developmental stages
Orian Answers PHones Like a God
Oral - 0-18 m Anal - 18m - 3 yrs Phallic- 3-6 yrs Latency- 6-puberty Genitals- puberty - adult
Cognitive Perspectives
focuses on how our thinking or cognition develops.
2 major theorists: Vygotsky & Piaget - both focus mainly on development in childhood, both emphazied impact children have on their own development.
Bronfenbrenner
Developed the Ecological Systems Model Microsystem Mesosystem Exosystem Macrosystem
Vygotsky
Zone of Proximal Development
Scaffolding
guided participation
Erikson’s 8 psychosocial stages of development
Infant 0-1 - trust/mistrust
Early childhood 2-3 - autonomy/doubt, shame
Childhood (play) 4-6 - initiative/guilt
Childhood (school)7-12 - industry/inferiority
Adolescence 13-19 -identity/role confusion
Early adulthood 19-35 -generativity/stagnation
Adulthood 35-55 -ego integrity/despair
Maturity 55+
Trust vs mistrust
Infant - 0-1
Industry vs inferiority
Childhood (school) 7-12
Identity vs Role Confusion
Adolescence 13-19
Sensorimotor
Piagets 4 stages of cognitive development
0-2 years - begin to understand object permanence, explore w senses, curious. Egocentric
PreOperational Stage
Piagets 4 stages of cognitive development
2-7 years
Think of things symbolically, believes everything is living, egocentric, lots of fantasies
cannot think abstractly
Concrete operational stage
Piagets 4 stages of cognitive development
7-11 - logical or operational thought begins. Can reverse an action by doing the opposite, less egocentric
Not yet able to think abstractly or hypothetically
Understands conservation
Formal Operational stage
Piagets 4 stages of cognitive development
11 and over
Thinks abstractly and hypothetically, understands why ppl behave the way they do and are more compassionate.
Philosophize
5 key issues of human development
Nature and nurture Normative and Non-normative events Continuity and discontinuity Stability and instability Socio-cultural variation
Nature and nurture
Nature - genetic factors
Nurture- environmental factors
Continuity & Discontinuity
Continuity- idea that one continues to demonstrate consistent action/behavior throughout development
Stability and Instability
Stability - when a child is progressing and maturing similar to other children his age
Instability -
Operant conditioning
Skinner? - positive or negative reinforcement
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov-
Stage theories
Discontinuous with new developmental features emerging at each distinct stages
Lifespan human development
The process of human growth and maturation from conception to death
Psychoanalytic Theories
stress the importance of early life experiences in shaping personality and behaviour. demonstrates growth and maturation are organized and happen in developmental stages.
Freud -id, ego, super-ego, psychosexual
Erikson -8 stages of psychosocial theory
Ego
develops around age 3, mediates between the id and superego - deals with reality
Id
instinctual, often unconcious
Super ego
Moral
Oral stage
mouth
Age- 0-18 months
weaning from bottle or breast
Anal stage
Anus
Age- 18m - 3 yrs
toilet training
Phallic
Genitals
Age 3-6 yrs
Penis envy/pleasure
Latency
None
6-Puberty
interacting w same sex peers - sexual dormant stage
Genital stage
Genitals
Puberty to adult
establishing intimate relationships
Evolution-based perspectives
Darwin’s natural selection- survival of the fittest.
Evolutionary Psychology - david buss believes evolution helps us understand physical features and how the mind works in a person. We behave and think the way we do bc we can adapt to surroundings
Ethological perspective - study animal behaviours esp. Those that promote survival. Konrad Lorenz introduced the concept of imprinting: living things are born with pre-wired features that guide survival.
Developmental Systems Theory
Is a Metatheory- combines developmental theories from a range of disciplines like biology, sociology, psychology, evolution, etc.
NOT a stage theory, continuous
Has 4 basic assumptions
4 assumptions of Developmental Systems Theory
- Human development takes place throughout a person’s lifespan from birth to death.
- Interactions with people and the way they live and experience life influences and shapes human development.
- Human development is changes over time and looks different throughout different historical periods.
- Typical human development is diverse. People all change and develop differently throughout their lifespan.
Lifespan developmental psychology
Baltes was first to contribute to this theory based more on adult development than child development.
Lifespan development includes 6 characteristics to provide insight into how people develop through the lifespan.
Baltes was interested in how people could reach success or optimal development in adulthood.
Led him to study wisdom.
6 characteristics of lifespan development
Multidirectional - young adults may return to live w parents to save money for own place
Full of gains and losses - happens at all ages - child gains height but loses nearness to ground
Contextualized- moving away from family before starting a family of their own is influenced by a cultures value for independence verses dependence in adulthood.
Historically embedded- women may achieve more in school/career than their mothers because of changes in social norms, expectations and messaging.
Plastic - a person who wasnt an athlete in highschool may become one in his 50s
Multidisciplinary- lifespan dev. Requires us to learn from multiple disciplines like psychology, genetics, and culture.
Ecological Systems Model
Bronfenbrenner’s model.
We are influenced by contexts and we also influence them.
Microsystem- contains most direct influences on a childs development- home, neighborhood, church, school, daycare
Mesosystem- the relationship among Microsystems.
Exosystem- contains institutions and organizations that have indirect influences on childs development but no direct contact w the child. - school board, tv and other mass media, parents workplace,
Macrosysten- contains socio-cultural forces. - societal values, traditions that have indirect effects on all other systems influencing a childs life.
Chronosystem- the effect of the passage of time on both a childs development and the evolving complexity of the other systems influencing the child.
