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Geography > Unit 2- Hydrosphere Quest > Flashcards

Unit 2- Hydrosphere Quest Flashcards

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1
Q

How much of the water on earth’s surface is freshwater and how much is salt water?

A

97% salt water and 3% freshwater

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2
Q

Of the freshwater that we have on earth, how much is usable?

A

Less than 1%

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3
Q

How much of the freshwater that is available on earth is in the form of glaciers and ice caps?

A

69%

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4
Q

Canada has how much of the worlds wetlands?

A

25%. It is the largest wetland area in the world.

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5
Q

The longest Canadian river is the…

A

Mackenzie river

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6
Q

The Great Lakes provides drinking water to how many Canadians?

A

8.5 million

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7
Q

What is the largest lake in Canada?

A

Lake superior

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8
Q

How many dams Quebec have?

A

333

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9
Q

Waterpower me about how much of Canadian electrical needs?

A

26%

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10
Q

What is watershed?

A

Watershed: area of land where all the surface water drains into the same place

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11
Q

What is commodity?

A

Economic resource. May be owned privately and sold for a profit.

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12
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Transpiration is water that is taken from tree roots and is then released from leaves.

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13
Q

What is groundwater?

A

Water beneath the earth’s surface

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14
Q

What is systems thinking?

A

Consider is the interrelationships between people and their environment

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15
Q

Where is inaccessible water located?

A

Inaccessible water is in the form of ice caps and glaciers, underground, the atmosphere, in our bodies, soil, snow and ice.

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16
Q

Common pollutants

A

Cigarette butts, baby wipes, fruit stickers, feminine products, oil/grease, lawn chemicals/fertilizers/pesticides, beauty products

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17
Q

Some ways we can save the Great Lakes

A

Stop using antibacterial soap that contain triclosan, stop using fertilizers that maybe runoff into Great Lakes, help stop the spread of invasive species by making sure not to carry back into our great lakes, don’t contribute to the unwanted items in the sewage system, don’t wash car in the driveway so soaps don’t go into the storm drain, invest in a rain barrel

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18
Q

Causes of blue-green algae

A
  • Sewage, septic tanks, waste management systems, lawn fertilizers, detergents and agricultural run off: all sources of phosphorus (A nutrient that helps algae grow)
  • slow moving waters, that are warm and sallow with lots of nutrient causing algae to grow rapidly
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19
Q

Affects of blue-green algae

A
  • Can’t swim, boat, or even touch the water because of algae
  • Fish are dying because they can’t breathe and are choking from lack of oxygen
  • Algae can irritate skin and cause if you damage the liver and nervous system
  • Diarrhea/throwing up if water is drank
  • pea soup appearance
  • drinking water contaminated
  • cannot eat fish until 2 weeks after algae bloom
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20
Q

Blue green algae conservation

A

-aware of our actions and make sure that less algae goes into our lakes and rivers
-naturalize are shoreline property: use phosphate free detergent, maintain our septic systems regularly
-grow fescue grass
-Manage agricultural runoff
– Install rain barrels
-plant rain gardens
-create and maintain wetlands
-go to car wash instead of washing car in driveway
-Canada is working with the US to find solutions
-reduce pollution in streams
– Reduce use of lawn fertilizers

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21
Q

Define commons

A

Natures resources that belong to everyone (EX. air, oceans, fish, lakes and rivers.)

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22
Q

What is the amount of usable water that Canadians have?

A

7%

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23
Q

Where do you more of 50% of 10 Canada’s rivers flow into?

A

The Arctic

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24
Q

Define wetlands

A

Water in a marsh swap or fat that is fresh or salty, standing or floating and 2–6 meters in depth.

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25
Q

How do wetlands protect local water quality?

A

Clean water, filter out sediments, pollution and toxic chemicals. They are also spawning grounds for fish.

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26
Q

Traditionally how were wetlands viewed?

A

Bug infested muddy swamps with little value

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27
Q

How are wetlands viewed today?

A

Crucial natural systems and wildlife habitats of diversity and beauty with economic, ecological, cultural, recreational and scientific value.

28
Q

How many people in Canada and the US depend on water from Great Lakes watershed?

A

35 million

29
Q

How many Canadians live in the Great Lakes watershed?

A

One third

30
Q

Define privatization

A

The water is owned by a cooperation and not by the Canadian

31
Q

Define sustainable

A

Able to be maintained at a certain rate or level

32
Q

Define salmon stock

A

Population of a particular species of salmon in a particular location (EX. sockeye salmon stocks)

33
Q

Define Keystone species

A

A species that play a critical role in their ecosystem

34
Q

Define spawning

A

Laying eggs and reproducing

35
Q

Where are salmon stocksmdisappearing

A

– British Columbia
– Columbia River
– Pacific Coast
– Fraser River

36
Q

When are the salmon disappearing

A

From early 1990s to present day

37
Q

Who is involved in the disappearance of the salmon

A
  • Bears, foxes, Eagles, Wolves,
  • federal government (policy creation/lack of enforcement)
  • first nation/fishers
  • Community volunteers
  • salmon
  • logging companies
  • fishing towns (Masset, Bella Bella, Ucluelot)
  • Forests
38
Q

Who are the players affected in the missing salmon case

A
  • Animals have a lot of food source (EX.bears need salmon to prepare for hibernation)
  • economy of west coast fishing communities at risk due to trickle down effect
  • Trees in forests cannot grow because they need nutrients from decaying salmon
  • salmon are going missing and not able to reproduce
  • first nations have lack of food and salmon are part of their culture
  • fisherman experience a loss of jobs or economic loss
39
Q

What is being done to resolve the missing salmon

A

-The federal government introduced 4 new marine protected areas
-Non-governmental organizations launched complaints to the ignorance by Canada about the impact of clear-cut logging and not enforcing laws on fish protection
-Community volunteers restore damaged streams and stabilize river banks (spawning grounds)
-Recommendation by the David Suzuki foundation for resolution of the missing salmon were released to the public
-Prevent oil and antifreeze in storm drains, avoid toxic pesticides and chemical fertilizer on the lawn and garden, etc.
Dams built to reduce flooding due to clear-cut logging (imposed bigger problems for the salmon)

40
Q

Why are the salmon going missing?

A
  • Clear-cut logging makes stream temperature warmer and unstabalizes riverbanks casing soil/debris to clog up salmon streams
  • overfishing
  • Lots of stream due to cities expanding
  • climate change (warmer waters)
  • Pollution
  • Building dams
  • Fish farming and fish hatcheries
41
Q

What is another word for aquaculture

A

Fish farming

42
Q

Pros of aquaculture

A
  • Large economic contributor for BC and Canada
  • Job creation for young Canadians (supporting families)
  • Abundance of fish
  • Cheaper investment
43
Q

Cons of aquaculture

A
  • Given salmon colored dye in their feed
  • wild salmon fish can die (EX. juvenile salmon when traveling pass farms can get sea lice)
  • farmed fish accumulate more PCBs and pesticides
  • Disease runs rampant and may affect a wild fish nearby
  • Salmon are not able to reproduce naturally
  • Changes natural habitat of the channels
44
Q

What is wet weather flow

A

Precipitation that is collected from Ruth, driveway, lawn, parking lot and roads.

45
Q

Benefits of rain barrels

A

Reducing runoff into our lakes and streams, reducing sewage overflow, protecting our sources of drinking water, saving money, providing more water for people, making our gardens healthy wit the use of soft water, reducing the risk of flooding in basements and reducing erosion and improving fish and wildlife habitats

46
Q

Conservation efforts of our water

A

Use of rain barrels, minimizing and shortening showers, avoiding bottled water (Nestlé in Ontario comes from groundwater)

47
Q

What is the average water use per person per day of Canadian

A

350 L

48
Q

Pollutants that cannot be filtered out of our water

A

Pharmaceuticals, triclosan, micro-beads in soap and pesticides. (number one pollutant is cigarette butts)

49
Q

What kind of water do we have in Canada?

A

In Canada we have public water and private companies (Nestlé) can access water without approval. Our water is in joint management with US.

50
Q

Where is blue green algae located

A

Lake Erie

51
Q

What are some of the invasive species in the Great Lakes

A

Zebra Muscles, Asian carp, sea lamprey

52
Q

Where are the chemical levels in the Great Lakes coming from

A

Aluminum plants. Some of the chemical in the Great Lakes include benzoprynes and PAHs.

53
Q

Why are beluga whales endangered

A

Because of chemical levels in the St. Lawrence River. The cancer rate for beluga whales is 20%

54
Q

How many wetlands remain

A

1/2 remain

55
Q

How do dams affect salmon?

A

Block salmon from reaching their spawning grounds

56
Q

Without salmon what would happen

A

The ecosystem would collapse because they provide nutrients for trees in the forest and they are also a food source for species such as bears, eagles, foxes, etc.

57
Q

Main points about fish farms

A
  • spread diseases (EX. sea lice)
  • keep fish in containers and sell for food
  • located within the salmon runs
  • overpopulated with fish
58
Q

What are fish hatcheries?

A

-raise fish and release them into the wild

59
Q

Why are salmon so important to our economy?

A
  • Farm salmon is BC’s largest agricultural export
  • Culture for first Nations
  • Provides jobs for fisherman
60
Q

Why do salmon need cool water

A

If in warm water they will have a heart attacks

61
Q

Clear-cut logging main points

A

Prevent trees from providing shade and stabilizing riverbanks. Therefore water is too warm for salmon and streams are filling with soil

62
Q

Positive efforts to save salmon

A

Restoring spawning grounds by adding logs and rocks to rivers, adding carcasses to the river for nutrients, destroying dams and adding fish ladders so salmon can pass dams

63
Q

Negative efforts to save salmon

A

Straightening rivers, trucking salmon and then releasing them back into the river, using artificial means to help salmon reproduce and grow, creating fish hatcheries and releasing them back into the seas and rivers once 18 months old

64
Q

Main points about the water cycle

A

We have the same amount of water today as we did at the beginning of earth, water is constantly moving and does not follow any political boundaries

65
Q

Made things we focused on in the unit

A

Water use, issues in the Great Lakes, Canada’s water resources, the water cycle and the case of the missing salmon

66
Q

Review water cycle diagram

A

Look in iPhoto’s

67
Q

Oceans cover approximately how much of the earth surface?

A

70%

Geography (9 decks)

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