Unit 2 - Historical Globalization Flashcards
What is early globalization?
Dates back to when people starting trading.
Theory 2 of globalization has how many stages?
Three
What is the first stage of the second theory of globalization?
Goods and ideas were exchanged along ancient trade routes.
What is the second stage of the second theory of globalization?
Late 1400s known as European Imperialism, also known as historical globalization.
What is the third stage of the second theory of globalization?
(After WW2) Rapid growth of world markets and instant communication.
Define imperialism.
Policy of extending a country’s power by acquiring new territories and establishing control over other countries and peoples.
Define “colony.”
A territory claimed and ruler by another country.
When and who invented the printing press?
mid 1400s. Gutenberg.
Describe the growth of the middle class after the Middle Ages.
- The middle class grows larger and more influential.
- New class wanted to increase wealth.
- Expanding trade helps achieve wealth.
What were the three reasons for European Imperialism?
God: desire to spread Christianity.
Gold: Search for wealth; raw materials, cheap labour, and markets for finished goods.
Glory: sense of adventure, prestige of adding to territory.
What was “The Great Exchange?”
Began with exchange of goods (seeds, fruit trees, livestock) brought by Columbus to the Americas.
This starts a revolution; changes the diets of the peoples of the world, and begins the trade.
Define mercantilism.
Economic policy of European governments strictly controlling trade.
How did mercantilism work?
Raw materials from colony -> Home country for manufacturing -> Back to colonies for sale.
Mercantilism work in ______1_______’s favour, and took advantage of the ______2_____.
- the home country
2. colonies.
What year was the American Revolution?
1776
Why were the colonies dissatisfied with mercantilism?
Laws restricted where people in the colonies purchased goods from, and eliminated competition. They were taken advantage of for their resources and as a market.
What was the impact of capitalism.
Challenged government’s economic control and advocated free trade, competition and choice as routes to economic prosperity.
List three impacts on the movement of people, as a result of historical globalization.
Migration, displacement, and depopulation.
Define migration.
Movement of people from one region to another.
Define displacement.
Involuntarily dispersal of a people especially from their homeland.
Define depopulation.
Reduction in population caused by natural/human made forces.
List some causes of depopulation.
Conflict between indigenous and new settlers. Loss of land. Acculturation. Assimilation. Diseases – no natural immunity. Slavery.
What did people share on the Silk Road?
Knowledge, inventions, religious beliefs, artistic styles, languages, and socials customs as well as goods.
The Silk Road began in ___1___and stretched to ___2____.
- Rome
2. China
What new tech knowledge ease meant that larger ships could be built faster and be more maneuverable?
Large, Square sales and the Lanteen – a triangular, mobile Stern sale that could be sent as an angle to the wind.
What new navigational tools were used during historical globalization?
The magnetic compass, the Mariner’s astrolabe, the sextant, and maps.
During the Industrial Revolution, the factories of Western Europe needed what raw materials?
Cotton, cool, iron ore, and later, copper, oil, rubber, and tin.
Production shifts from the __1__ to _____2_____ to ____3____.
- Home
- Small craft shops
- Large factories.
Where did industrialization take place?
England, France, Spain, and Germany.
Industrialization fuels ___________.
Imperialism.
What was the first country to experience industrialization?
Great Britain
What precedes the Industrial Revolution?
Agricultural Revolution.
What forces people into the cities?
Enclosure Acts in Great Britain. Forces urbanization and a cheap source of labor.
Define legacies.
Legacy is something that has been passed on by those who lived in the past.
What are some examples of a legacy?
Political structures, buildings and monuments, oral histories and stories, tangible artifacts.
Define ethnocentrism.
A word that combines “ethnic” and “centre”, refers to a way of thinking that centers on one’s own race and culture.
Define Eurocentrism.
A form of ethnocentrism that uses European ethnic, national, religious, and linguistic criteria to judge other peoples and their cultures.
What happened in 1884, regarding the Scramble for Africa?
Representatives of the US, Austria – Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Russia, Spain, and Sweden – Norway met in Berlin, Germany, to divide Africa among themselves.
What was the purpose of the 1884 Berlin Conference?
To avoid conflict with other imperial powers. Divided Africa into 50 countries. They wanted resources.
How did King Leopold II manage the Congo?
Harshly, he treated it as his own personal colony. Force natives to give a blend. Those who resisted were punished, he prevented knowledge of these brutal practices from reaching outside the Congo.
How many people died during Leopold’s role?
An estimated 10 million people died.
What is an apartheid?
A policy not to trade with a country.
Why did the United Nations launch an effort to remember the history of slavery?
To end modern slavery by bringing attention to human trafficking. Also to remember the history and atrocities of slavery.
Why is language a legacy of imperialism?
One way imperial powers altered the lives of the indigenous people was to change the language they spoke. The language of the imperial power came to dominate, which is the reason why European languages are so common in former colonies.
Define genocide.
A calculated massacre of a group of people based solely on their beliefs, a carefully planned destruction of the group.
Who is Raphael Lemkin? Why is he significant?
He coined the word genocide. Drafted the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. This is the first times nations had decided it was a crime.
Why did Turkish leaders target Armenians during World War I?
Christian minority. Challenge Turkish views.
How were Jews dehumanized in Nazi Germany?
Hitler blamed Jews for financial difficulty after World War I. Middle-class struggled because Jews control the money. Jews accused of taking over the world.
What theories help explain why the world did not intervene to prevent the Holocaust?
Winning the war was more important cause for the allies. Vast majority of people didn’t believe what they read/heard; it couldn’t be imagined.
How did Pol Pot want to remake Cambodian society?
Into a simple farming society. He fought education, money, and privilege.
Why did’s Slobodan Milisevic initiate a campaign of “ethnic cleansing”?
Wanted to extend borders. Create a serve only country.
What was the results of the 1998 Rome Treaty?
A permanent international war crimes court. Were criminals were scared of the court.
Describe some ways that genocide can be prevented.
Spread of technology. Sometimes acting outside the law can show where there needs to be improvements. Some groups keep a close eye on suspicious groups. Jews/victims of crimes pass on message.
How is Apartheid a legacy of globalization?
The separation and segregation of races in South Africa is a Eurocentric legacy, but considering one race to be better or superior over another.
Who is Archbishop Desmond Tutu?
The Chair of Truth and Reconciliation Act.
Who is Nelson Mandela and what are some of his accomplishments?
President of South Africa. 1993 Nobel Prize for ending apartheid. Truth and Reconciliation Act.
What year was the British abolitionist movement established?
1834
What year did Queen Elizabeth I grant monopoly to the British East India Company?
1600
What did the British East India Company hope to gain in India?
Money through trait. Cotton, spices, tea.
How did the British East India Company control trade with India?
Alliances with Indian rulers to keep trade flowing. Created their own army to protect interest and deal with other competitors. Bribery, military force, extortion were often used.
What does the “raj” mean?
“Rule”
What year did the British government esrablish rule over India?
1858
What happened in 1700 in India?
The British banned the import of all died/printed cotton from India. It was competing with British cotton.
What was the cause of the deindustrialization of India?
Restrictive laws that destroyed the cotton industry.
what year was India lead to Independence? By whom?
1947 by Gandhi.
What did Gandhi believe?
That India could be self- sufficient by eating locally grown food and wearing homespun clothing.
How did the Zulu uprising affect Gandhi?
He began to see the domination of one group over another, he applied this to his own life.
What was the law that really incited Africans and Indians alike to protest in large numbers?
The Pass Laws. Marriages were no longer valid and they had to carry passes.
What happened at Amritsar?
A massacre of 2000 people.
What was Gandhi’s strategy?
Peaceful non-cooperation.
What were some legacies of imperialism is left in India?
The country has major problems with rapid population growth, poverty, sexual discrimination, high literacy rates, and continuing conflicts with neighboring countries.
Africa, slavery was often and alternative to what?
Imprisonment/execution.
Well educated slaves could be what, in Africa?
High-ranking civil servants or tutors in the colonies.
What was happening in the New World the demanded a change in the nature of slavery?
Building of sugar, cotton, cocoa plantations.
What is chattel slavery?
Possession. Slaves/descendants where the private property of their owner. No legal standing as human beings.
Why were indigenous people and Africans often slaves?
They were often taken as slaves because of the race. They were seen as more disease resistant.
What were the conditions like en route to the New World, for slaves?
Atrocious. Packed in, chained up, no sanitation, little food/water. Many people to themselves overboard, asked to be strangled, or simply starve themselves to death.
How many people were forcibly traded as slaves?
9 to 12,000,000 people.
How are slaves treated?
Beaten. Sold, auctioned off, family split up. Physically/emotionally abused.
What is indentured labor?
People acting under contract. Like slavery.
Who would offer their services as indentured workers?
Poor European signed in exchange for cheap labor for 4 to 7 years. The employer would pay to transport the employee.
In the 1600s, how many European immigrants were indentured workers?
Between half to two thirds arrived in the US as indentured workers.
What was the abolition movement?
The movement to end slavery.
Who began the abolition movement?
William Wilberforce.
What act abolished slavery in Britain and the British Empire?
The Emancipation Act of 1833.
What is income inequality?
The growing gap between worlds richest and poor. Legacy of globalization.
What is GDP?
Gross Domestic Product. Value of all goods/services produced annually.
What is foreign aid?
Money, expertise, supplies, and other goods given by one country to another. Aims to reduce poverty and encourage a more secure, equitable and prosperous world.
What is GNI?
Gross national income. Money earned by everyone in the country.
The UN encourages tying ___1___ to ___2___.
- Foreign aid
2. GNI
What is an NGO?
A non-government organization. And organization established by groups of people to work towards specific goals and to gain public support.
What do NGOs depend on?
Volunteer work, donations, grants/contracts from government.
What are some issues related to NGOs?
Some sponsored by groups that want to undermine/overthrow the government. Harm grassroots organizations. And have a narrow focus.
Define trade liberalization.
Reducing trade barriers.
Define free-trade.
Elimination of tariffs/taxes on goods/services.
Define containerization.
Standard shipping containers.
What are five factors of expanding globalization and international economics?
Communication technology, trade liberalization, free-trade, transportation, containerization.
