Unit 2 Hematopoiesis Flashcards
PPT and Discussion based
1
Q
Formation of blood cells
A
Hematopoiesis
2
Q
Continuous, regulated process of renewal, proliferation, differentiation and maturation of all blood cell lines
A
Hematopoiesis
3
Q
Two types of hematopoiesis
A
Prenatal and Postnatal
4
Q
Erythropoiesis
Leukopoiesis (myelopoiesis, lymphopoiesis)
Megakaryopoiesis
A
Hematopoiesis
5
Q
3 stages of prenatal hematopoiesis
A
1 Mesoblastic period
2 Hepatic period
3 Myeloid/Medullary period
6
Q
Prenatal Hematopoiesis during Fetal development
A
Mesoblastic period
Hepatic period
7
Q
Prenatal hematopoiesis
Starts during fetal development and persistent throughout
A
Myeloid/Medullary period
8
Q
begins as early as the nineteenth day after fertilization in the yolk sac of the embryo
A
mesoblastic period (primitive erythropoiesis)
9
Q
only erythrocytes are made (primitive erythropoiesis)
A
Mesoblastic period
10
Q
Mesoblastic period
RBCs contain unique fetal hemmoglobins
A
Gower-1
Gower-2
Portland
11
Q
Mesoblastic period occurs ___
A
intravascularly because wala pang developed blood sep
12
Q
Start of hemohlobin production at
A
Primitive hemoglobin
13
Q
Begins around 5-7 gestational weeks
A
Hepatic period
14
Q
Becomes the chief site of blood cell production
A
Fetal liver
15
Q
Organs contributing to hematopoiesis
A
Spleen
Kidney
Thymus
Lymph nodes
16
Q
Hepatic period occurs
A
Extravascularly (kasi may blood vessesls na)
17
Q
Beginning of definitive hematopoiesis
A
Hepatic period
18
Q
Megakaryopoiesis begins
A
Hepatic period
19
Q
Hgb F and adult hemoglobins
A
Hepatic period
20
Q
Begins at the 4th to 5th month of fetal development
A
Myeloid/Medullary Period
21
Q
Occurs in the medulla of bone marrow
A
Myeloid/Medullary period
22
Q
By the end of 24th weeks of gestation, it becomes the primary site
A
Bone Marrow
23
Q
Detectable levels of
A
EPO, G-CSF,GM-CSF
24
Q
Fetal Hgb and Adult Hgb
A
Myeloid/Medullary period
25
It peaks at 4th month and when it peaks it becomes myeloid
Liver
26
Bone marrow
Medullary
27
Liver
extramedullary
28
only in the absence of hematopoiesis
extramedullary
29
hematopoiesis in areas other than bone marrow
extramedullary hematopoiesis
30
Hematopoietic tissues
Bone marrow
Liver
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Thymus
31
source of RBC line
Precursors
32
Located inside the spongy bone
Bone marrow
33
In normal adult, 1/2 of bone marrow is
Hematopoietically active (red marrow)
34
In normal adult the other 1/2 of bone marrow is
Inactive, fatty marrow (yellow marrow)
35
Marrow contains both
Erythroid (RBC) and Leukocyte (WBC) precursors
(as well as platelet precursors)
36
Early in life most of the marrow is red marrow and it gradually decreases to the adult level of 50% and the remaining 50% is
50% fat cells/adipose
(other 50% is hematopoietic)
37
When bone marrow increases its activity 5-10X its normal state
Hyperplastic
(because it replaces the yellow marrow with red marrow)
38
Hyperplastic conditions occur when there is
increased or ineffective hematopoiesis
39
Pathologic states that causes Hyperplastic
Acute blood loss in which there is temporary replacement of the yellow marrow (if you lose 20% blood volume)
40
Erythropoiesis (RBC Production) may increase to the extent that the marrow starts to erode the bone itself
Severe chronic anemia
41
Both normal red marrow and fatty marrow may be replaced by proliferating abnormal cells
Malignant disease
42
Neutrophils stored in bone marrow
Myelokathexis
43
IF cell line goes beyond 70% it becomes
hyperplastic
44
Causes of hypolastic/inactive
Chemicals
Genetics
Myeloproliferative disease that replaces hematopoietic tissue with firbrous tissue
45
mas madami adipose
hypoplastic
46
Ratio of marrow cells to fat
Cellularity
47
30-70% HSCs
Normocellular
48
≥70% HSCs
Hypercellular/Hyperplastic
49
<30 HSCs
Hypocellula/Hypoplastic
50
Few or no HSCs
Aplastic
51
the ratio of granulocytes and their precursors to nucleated erythroid precursors
Myleloid:erythroid ratio
52
Normal ratio of M:E is between
2:1 and 4:1 (Avg of 3:1)
53
Granulocytes are numerous because of their short survival ___ days as compared to erythrocytes of ___ days
1-2 days
120 days
54
Infection ratio
6:1
55
Leukemia ratio
25:1
56
Myeloid hyperplasia ratio
20:1
57
Myeloid hypoplasia
3:20
58
extramedullary organ
contributory to homeostasis/protein synthesis
Liver
59
Functions of hepatocytes
protein synthesis and degredation
coagulation factor synthesis
carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
drug and toxin clearance
iron recycling
storage and hemoglobin degredation in which bilirubin is conjugated and transported to the small intestine for eventual excretion
60
Low hemoglobin =
High Ferritin
61
Contains phagocytic cells known as kupffer cells which act as a filter for damaged or aged cells in a manner similar to but less efficient than the phagocytic cells in the spleen
Liver
62
Pigments that are products of RBC degredation
Yellow and Brown pigment
63
same chemical composition as plasma
lymphatic fluid
64
Composed of lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels that drain into the left and right lymphatic duct
Lymphatic system
65
composed of lymphocytes, macrophages and a reticular network
lymph nodes
65
Formed from blood fluid that escapes into connective tissue
Lymph
66
Lymph node structure
Inner area called the medulla which contains
plasma cells
67
Lymph node structure
Outer area called the cortex which contains
follicles with B lymphocytes
68
Lymph node structure
T lymphocytes and macrophages
Paracortex
69
3 main functions of lymph nodes
Site of lymphocyte proliferation
involved in the initiation of the specific immune response to foreign antigens
filter particulate matter, debris, and bacteria entering the lymph node via the lymph
70
contains the largest collection of lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes in the body
spleen
71
Spleen functions in
Culling
Pitting
Enforcing close contact of blood borne antigens with lymphocytes and phagocytic cells
72
Phagocytized all
Culling
73
Only a part is phagocytized,
Pitting
74
sequestering 1/3 of platelet mass
spleen
75
May cause anemia (decreased RBCs), leukopenia (decreased WBCs), or thrombocytopenia or combinations of these cytopenias
Hypersplenism (splenomegaly)
76
When all three cell types are decreased it is called
pancytopenia
77
After a splenectomy what is seen
RBC inclusions and abnormal RBC shapes are seen
Culling is then taken over by the liver in which is less effective in performing all of the splenic functions
78
first organ fully developed but becomes smaller as we mature
thymus
79
important for the development of cells
thymus
80
Serves as a compartment for the maturation of T lymphocytes into immunocmpetent T Cells
Thymus
81
Outer area of thymus that is densely packed with small lymphocytes and macrophages
Cortex
82
Inner area which is less cellular with a few lymphocytes, macrophages, and epithelial cells
Medulla
83
2 primary organs for lymphopoiesis
Bone Marrow
Thymus
84
Medullary organ
Bone marrow
85
non medullary organ
Liver
spleen
lymph nodes
thmus
86
Hematopoiesis unique interactions of
PLuripotential SC / HSC
Microenvironment
Cytokines / Growth factors (Colony-stimulating factors,Kit ligand/Stem cell factor, interleukins)
EPO
TPO (thrombopoietin)
87
For the development and production of RBC
EPO
88
For platelet production
TPO (Thrombopoietin)
89
Stem cell theory
All blood cells are derived from a single progenitor stem cell
Monophyletic theory
90
Stem cell theory
Each of the blood cell lineages is derived from its ow unique stem cell
Polyphyletic theory
91
Hematopoietic stem cells are capable of
Self renewal
Pluripotent
Give rise to differentiated progeny
92
Hematopoietic stem cells Fates:
Self renewal
Differentiation
Aoptosis
93
Multipotent
can give rise to several types
Do not self-renew or have only an extremely limited capacity
Progenitor cells
94
Respond best to multiple cytokines, growth factors, hormones
Progenitor cells
95
blast cells committed to unilinear differntiation (much more mature than progenitor cells)
Precursor cells
96
Do not self-renew
Respond best to 1 or 2 cytokines
Still replicate until near terminal differentiation
Progeny increasingly acquire specific differentiation markers and functions
Precursor cells (Committed precursor cells)
97
NRBC Abnormal in adults
Nucleated RBC
98
Cluster of differentiatix
Differ from time that is mature identification
Detected from cell identi methodC
CD Markers
