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Biology grade 11 > Unit 2 - Genetics > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

heredity

A

the passing of traits from parents to offspring

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2
Q

genetics

A

the branch of biology dealing with heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics

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3
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

a molocule that carries genetic information in cells

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4
Q

gene

A

a segment of a DNA molecule that codes for a particular trait; found at a specific location on a chromosome

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5
Q

locus

A

the location of a gene on a chromosome

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6
Q

polyploid

A

having more that two sets of chromosomes; many plants are plyploids

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7
Q

asexual reproduction

A

the production of offspring from a single parent; the genetic makeup of the offspring is identical to that of the parent

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8
Q

sexual reproduction

A

the production of offspring from the fusion of two sex cells (usually from two different parents); the genetic makeup of the offspring is different from that of either parent

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9
Q

fragmentation

A

a method of asexual reproduction in which a piece or body fragment of the parent organism develops into a mature individual

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10
Q

mitosis

A

the process by which a eukaryotic cell divides the genetic material in its nucleus into two new identical nuclei

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11
Q

interphase

A

the portion of the cell cycle between mitotic divisions when the genetic material is duplicated

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12
Q

chromatin

A

the tangled strands of DNA and protein within a eukaryotic nucleus

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13
Q

sister chromatid

A

the identical copy of a single chromosome that remains attached to the original chromosome at the centromere

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14
Q

cytokinesis

A

the process in which a eukaryotic cell divides its cytoplasm into two new daughter cells

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15
Q

cloning

A

the process of producing one individual that is genetically identical to another, using a single cell or tissue

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16
Q

biotechnology

A

the use and modification of organisms for applications in engineering, industry, and medicine

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17
Q

genetically modified organism

A

an organism in which the genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques

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18
Q

gamete

A

a sex cell; includes sperm cells in males and egg cells in females

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19
Q

fertilization

A

the formation of a zygote by the joining together, or fusion, of two gametes

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20
Q

zygote

A

a cell produced by the fusion of two gametes

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21
Q

meiosis

A

a two-stage cell division in which the resulting daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell; results in the formation of gametes or spores

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22
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

matching pairs of chromosomes, similar in size and carrying information for the same genes

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23
Q

tetrad

A

a pair of homologous chromosomes, each with two sister chromatids

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24
Q

synapsis

A

the physical pairing up of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis

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25
Q

crossing over

A

the exchange of chromosome segments between homologous pairs during synapsis

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26
Q

gametogenesis

A

the production of gametes (sex cells) in animals

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27
Q

spermatogenesis

A

the production of mature sperm cells

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28
Q

oogenesis

A

the production of mature egg cells

29
Q

karyotype

A

the chromosomes of an individual that have been sorted and arranged according to size and type

30
Q

sex chromosomes

A

chromosomes that differ in males and females of the same species; the combination of sec chromosomes determines the sex of the offspring

31
Q

autosomes

A

non-sex chromosomes

32
Q

non - disjunction

A

the failure of homologous chromosomes to move to opposite poles of the cell during meiosis; results in an abnormal number of chromosomes in the daughter cells

33
Q

trisomy

A

a chromosomal abnormality in which there are three homologous chromosomes in place of a homologous pair

34
Q

monosomy

A

a chromosomal abnormality in which there is a single chromosome in place of a homologous pair

35
Q

down syndrome

A

a chromosomal abnormality in which an individual has three copies of chromosome number 21; also referred to as trisomy 21

36
Q

prenatal testing

A

testing for a genetic disorder that occurs prior to birth

37
Q

maternal inheritance

A

a type of inheritance in which a sygote formed from two gametes inherits cytoplasmic DNA from only the female gamete

38
Q

trait

A

particular version of a characteristic that is inherited, such as hair colour or blood type

39
Q

hyrbid

A

the offspring of two different true-breeding plants

40
Q

cross

A

the successful mating of two organiss from distinct genetic lines

41
Q

law of segregation

A

the scientific law stating that 1) organisms inherit two copies of genes, one from each parent, and 2) organisms donate only one copy of each gene to their gametes because the genes separate during gamete formation

42
Q

allele

A

a specific form of a gene

43
Q

homozygous

A

an individual that carries two of the same alleles for a given characteristic

44
Q

heterozygous

A

an individual that carries two different alleles for a given characteristic

45
Q

genotype

A

the genetic makeup of an individual

46
Q

phenotype

A

an individual’s outward appearance with respect to a specific characteristic

47
Q

dominant allele

A

the allele that, if present, is always expressed

48
Q

recessive allele

A

the allele that is expressed only if it is not in the presence of the dominant allele, that is, if the individual is homozygous for the recessive allele

49
Q

test cross

A

used to determine the genotype of an individual expressing a dominant trait

50
Q

complete dominance

A

a situation where an allele will determine the phenotype, regardless of the presence of another allele

51
Q

incomplete dominance

A

a situation where neither allele dominates the other and both have an influence on the individual (results in partial expression of both traits - blends)

52
Q

codominance

A

a situation where both alleles are expressed fully to produce offspring with a third phenotype

53
Q

pedigree

A

a diagram of an individual’s ancestors used in human genetics to analyze the Mendelian inheritance of a certain trait; also used for selective breeding of plants and animals

54
Q

autosomal inheritence

A

inheritence of alleles located on autosomal (non-sex) chromsomes

55
Q

of chormosomes in humans

A

46

56
Q

of PAIRS of chromosomes in humans

A

23

57
Q

sex-linked

A

describes an allele that is found on one of the sex chromosomes (X or Y) and when passed on to offspring is expressed

58
Q

X-linked

A

phenotypic expression of an allele that is found on the X chromosomes

59
Q

Y-linked

A

phenotypic expression of an allele that is found on the Y chromosome

60
Q

mutation

A

a change in the genetic code of an allele; the change may have a positive effect, a negative effect, or no effect

61
Q

carrier testing

A

a genetic test that determines whether an individual is heterozygous for a given gene that results in a genetic disorder

62
Q

genetic screening

A

tests used to identify the presence of a defective allele that leads to a genetic disorder

63
Q

phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

an autosomal, recessive, inherited genetic disorder that results in the accumulation of phenylalanine in the tissues and blood

64
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

causes the body to produce thick, sticky mucus that clogs the lungs and pancreatic duct

65
Q

hemophilia

A

recessive allele that causes the body to be unable to form blood clots

66
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

dominant allele that causes progressive, irreversible degeneration of the nervous system

67
Q

dihybrid cross

A

a cross that involves two genes, each consisting of heterozygous alleles

68
Q

law of independent assortment

A

if genes are located on separate chromosomes, they will be inherited independently of one another

69
Q

which abbot conducted extensive experiments mainly with pea plants in the 19th century, which led to our current understanding of genetics, and is known as “the father of genetics”?

A

Gregor Mendel

Biology grade 11 (2 decks)

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