Unit 2: Genetic Processes

Question 1

Hereditary

Answer 1

the passing of traits from parents to offspring

Question 2

Genetics

Answer 2

the branch of biology dealing with heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics

Question 3

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Answer 3

a molecule that carries Genetic Information in Cells

Question 4

gene

Answer 4

a segment of a DNA molecule that codes for a particular trait, which is found at a specific location on a Chromosome

Question 5

Locus

Answer 5

the location of a Gene on a Chromosome

Question 6

Polyploid

Answer 6

having more than two sets of chromosomes, many plants are polyploids

Question 7

asexual Reproduction

Answer 7

the production of offspring from a single parent, the genetic makeup of the Offspring is identical to the parents

Question 8

sexual Reproduction

Answer 8

the production of offspring from the fusion of 2 sex cells (usually from two different parents): the genetic makeup of the offspring is different from that of either parent

Question 9

Fragmentation

Answer 9

a method of asexual reproduction in which a piece or body fragment of the parent organism develops into a mature individual

Question 10

mitosis

Answer 10

the process by which a eukaryotic cell divides the genetic material in its nucleus into 2 new identical nuclei

Question 11

interphase

Answer 11

the portion of the cell cycle between mitotic division when the genetic material (in the form of a chromatin) is duplicated

Question 12

chromatin

Answer 12

the tangled strands of DNA and proteins with a eukaryotic nucleus

Question 13

sister chromatid

Answer 13

the identical copy of a single chromosome that remains attached to the original chromosome at the centromere

Question 14

cytokinesis

Answer 14

the process in which a eukaryotic cell divides its cytoplasm into 2 new daughter cells

Question 15

cloning

Answer 15

the process of producing one individuals that is genetically identical to another, using a single cell or tissue

Question 16

biotechnology

Answer 16

the use and modification of organisms for application in engineering, industry and medicine

Question 17

genetically modified organism

Answer 17

an organism in which the genetic material has been altered using Genetic Engineering techniques

Question 18

Gamete

Answer 18

a sex cell, includes sperm cells in males and egg cells in females

Question 19

fertilization

Answer 19

the formation of a zygote by the joining together or fusion of 2 gamete

Question 20

zygote

Answer 20

a cell produced the fusion of 2 gametes

Question 21

ova

Answer 21

female sex cells

Question 22

meiosis

Answer 22

a 2 stage division in which the resulting daughter cells have the number of chromosomes as the parents cell, this results in the formation of gametes or spores

Question 23

homologous chromosomes

Answer 23

matching pairs of chromosomes, similar in size and carrying information for the same genes

Question 24

tetrad

Answer 24

a pair of homologous chromosomes, each with 2 sister chromatids

Question 25

synapsis

Answer 25

the physical pairing up of homolous the chromosomes during prophase 1 of meiosis

Question 26

crossing over

Answer 26

the exchange of chromosomes segments between homologous pairs during synapsis

Question 27

Gametogenesis

Answer 27

the production of gametes (sex cells) in animals

Question 28

Spermatogenesis

Answer 28

the production of mature sperm cells

Question 29

oogenesis

Answer 29

the production of mature egg cells

Question 30

Karyotype

Answer 30

the chromosome of an individual that have been sorted and arranged according to size and type

Question 31

sex chromosomes

Answer 31

chromosomes that differ in males and female of the same species, aka the combination of sex chromosomes determines the sex of the offspring

Question 32

autosome

Answer 32

non-sex chromosomes

Question 33

non-disjunction

Answer 33

the failure of homologous chromosomes to move to opposite poles of the cells during meiosis, which results in an abnormal number of chromosomes in the daughter cells

Question 34

trisomy

Answer 34

a chromosomal abnormality in which there are 3 Homologous chromosome in place of a homologous

Question 35

monosomy

Answer 35

a chromosomal abnormality in which there is a single chromosome in place of a homologous pair

Question 36

Down Syndrome

Answer 36

a chromosomal abnormality in which an individuals has three copies of chromosome number 21, aka Trisomy 21

Question 37

Prenatal Testing

Answer 37

testing for a genetic order that occurs prior to birth

Question 38

maternal inheritance

Answer 38

a type of inheritance in which a zygote formed from 2 gametes inherits cytoplasmic DNA from only the female gamete

Question 39

Paternal Inheritance

Answer 39

a type of inheritance in which a zygote formed from 2 gametes inherits cytoplasmic DNA from only the male gamete

Question 40

Horizontal gene transfer

Answer 40

the transfer of genetic information from one species into a different species

Question 41

trait

Answer 41

a particular version of a characteristic that is inherited s

example. hair color or blood type

Question 42

true breeding organism

Answer 42

an organism that produces offspring that are genetically identical for one or more traits when self pollinated or crossed with another true breeding organism for the same traits

Question 43

hybrid

Answer 43

the offspring of 2 different true breeding plants

Question 44

cross

Answer 44

the successful mating of two organisms from distinct genetic lines

Question 45

p generation

Answer 45

the parent plant used in a cross

Question 46

f1 generation

Answer 46

the offspring of a P- generation cross

Question 47

monohybrid

Answer 47

the offspring of 2 different true breeding plants that differ in only one characteristic

Question 48

monohybrid cross

Answer 48

a cross designed to study the inheritance of only 1 trait

Question 49

f2 generation

Answer 49

offspring of an F1- generation cross

Question 50

Law of Segment

Answer 50

a scientific law stating that (1) organism inherit two copies of gene, one from each parent and (2) organisms donate only one copy of each gene to their gamete because the genes separate during gamete formation

Question 51

allele

Answer 51

a specific form of a gene

Question 52

Homozygous

Answer 52

describesan individual that carries 2 of the same Alleles for a given characteristic

Question 53

heterozygous

Answer 53

describes an individuals that carries 2 different alleles for a given characteristic

Question 54

genotype

Answer 54

the genetic make up an Individual

Question 55

phenotype

Answer 55

an individuals outward appearance with respect to a specific characteristic

Question 56

Dominant allele

Answer 56

the allele that, if presence is always expressed

Question 57

Recessive Allele

Answer 57

the allele that is expressed only if it is not in the presence of the dominant allele, that is, if the individual is homozygous for the recessive allele

Question 58

Punnett Square

Answer 58

a diagram that summarizes every possible combination of each allele from each parent , this is a tool for determining the probability of a single offspring having a particular genotype

Question 59

probability

Answer 59

the likely hood that an outcome will occur if it is a matter of chance

Question 60

test cross

Answer 60

a cross used to determined the genotype of an individual expressing a dominant

Question 61

complete dominance

Answer 61

a situation where an allele will determine the phenotype, regardless of the presence of another allele

Question 62

incomplete dominance

Answer 62

a situation where neither allele dominates the other and both have an influence on the individual