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Grade 11 Biology > Unit 2: Genetic Processes > Flashcards

Unit 2: Genetic Processes Flashcards

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1
Q

Hereditary

A

the passing of traits from parents to offspring

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2
Q

Genetics

A

the branch of biology dealing with heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics

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3
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A

a molecule that carries Genetic Information in Cells

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4
Q

gene

A

a segment of a DNA molecule that codes for a particular trait, which is found at a specific location on a Chromosome

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5
Q

Locus

A

the location of a Gene on a Chromosome

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6
Q

Polyploid

A

having more than two sets of chromosomes, many plants are polyploids

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7
Q

asexual Reproduction

A

the production of offspring from a single parent, the genetic makeup of the Offspring is identical to the parents

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8
Q

sexual Reproduction

A

the production of offspring from the fusion of 2 sex cells (usually from two different parents): the genetic makeup of the offspring is different from that of either parent

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9
Q

Fragmentation

A

a method of asexual reproduction in which a piece or body fragment of the parent organism develops into a mature individual

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10
Q

mitosis

A

the process by which a eukaryotic cell divides the genetic material in its nucleus into 2 new identical nuclei

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11
Q

interphase

A

the portion of the cell cycle between mitotic division when the genetic material (in the form of a chromatin) is duplicated

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12
Q

chromatin

A

the tangled strands of DNA and proteins with a eukaryotic nucleus

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13
Q

sister chromatid

A

the identical copy of a single chromosome that remains attached to the original chromosome at the centromere

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14
Q

cytokinesis

A

the process in which a eukaryotic cell divides its cytoplasm into 2 new daughter cells

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15
Q

cloning

A

the process of producing one individuals that is genetically identical to another, using a single cell or tissue

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16
Q

biotechnology

A

the use and modification of organisms for application in engineering, industry and medicine

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17
Q

genetically modified organism

A

an organism in which the genetic material has been altered using Genetic Engineering techniques

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18
Q

Gamete

A

a sex cell, includes sperm cells in males and egg cells in females

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19
Q

fertilization

A

the formation of a zygote by the joining together or fusion of 2 gamete

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20
Q

zygote

A

a cell produced the fusion of 2 gametes

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21
Q

ova

A

female sex cells

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22
Q

meiosis

A

a 2 stage division in which the resulting daughter cells have the number of chromosomes as the parents cell, this results in the formation of gametes or spores

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23
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

matching pairs of chromosomes, similar in size and carrying information for the same genes

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24
Q

tetrad

A

a pair of homologous chromosomes, each with 2 sister chromatids

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25
Q

synapsis

A

the physical pairing up of homolous the chromosomes during prophase 1 of meiosis

26
Q

crossing over

A

the exchange of chromosomes segments between homologous pairs during synapsis

27
Q

Gametogenesis

A

the production of gametes (sex cells) in animals

28
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

the production of mature sperm cells

29
Q

oogenesis

A

the production of mature egg cells

30
Q

Karyotype

A

the chromosome of an individual that have been sorted and arranged according to size and type

31
Q

sex chromosomes

A

chromosomes that differ in males and female of the same species, aka the combination of sex chromosomes determines the sex of the offspring

32
Q

autosome

A

non-sex chromosomes

33
Q

non-disjunction

A

the failure of homologous chromosomes to move to opposite poles of the cells during meiosis, which results in an abnormal number of chromosomes in the daughter cells

34
Q

trisomy

A

a chromosomal abnormality in which there are 3 Homologous chromosome in place of a homologous

35
Q

monosomy

A

a chromosomal abnormality in which there is a single chromosome in place of a homologous pair

36
Q

Down Syndrome

A

a chromosomal abnormality in which an individuals has three copies of chromosome number 21, aka Trisomy 21

37
Q

Prenatal Testing

A

testing for a genetic order that occurs prior to birth

38
Q

maternal inheritance

A

a type of inheritance in which a zygote formed from 2 gametes inherits cytoplasmic DNA from only the female gamete

39
Q

Paternal Inheritance

A

a type of inheritance in which a zygote formed from 2 gametes inherits cytoplasmic DNA from only the male gamete

40
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

the transfer of genetic information from one species into a different species

41
Q

trait

A

a particular version of a characteristic that is inherited s

example. hair color or blood type

42
Q

true breeding organism

A

an organism that produces offspring that are genetically identical for one or more traits when self pollinated or crossed with another true breeding organism for the same traits

43
Q

hybrid

A

the offspring of 2 different true breeding plants

44
Q

cross

A

the successful mating of two organisms from distinct genetic lines

45
Q

p generation

A

the parent plant used in a cross

46
Q

f1 generation

A

the offspring of a P- generation cross

47
Q

monohybrid

A

the offspring of 2 different true breeding plants that differ in only one characteristic

48
Q

monohybrid cross

A

a cross designed to study the inheritance of only 1 trait

49
Q

f2 generation

A

offspring of an F1- generation cross

50
Q

Law of Segment

A

a scientific law stating that (1) organism inherit two copies of gene, one from each parent and (2) organisms donate only one copy of each gene to their gamete because the genes separate during gamete formation

51
Q

allele

A

a specific form of a gene

52
Q

Homozygous

A

describesan individual that carries 2 of the same Alleles for a given characteristic

53
Q

heterozygous

A

describes an individuals that carries 2 different alleles for a given characteristic

54
Q

genotype

A

the genetic make up an Individual

55
Q

phenotype

A

an individuals outward appearance with respect to a specific characteristic

56
Q

Dominant allele

A

the allele that, if presence is always expressed

57
Q

Recessive Allele

A

the allele that is expressed only if it is not in the presence of the dominant allele, that is, if the individual is homozygous for the recessive allele

58
Q

Punnett Square

A

a diagram that summarizes every possible combination of each allele from each parent , this is a tool for determining the probability of a single offspring having a particular genotype

59
Q

probability

A

the likely hood that an outcome will occur if it is a matter of chance

60
Q

test cross

A

a cross used to determined the genotype of an individual expressing a dominant

61
Q

complete dominance

A

a situation where an allele will determine the phenotype, regardless of the presence of another allele

62
Q

incomplete dominance

A

a situation where neither allele dominates the other and both have an influence on the individual

Grade 11 Biology (2 decks)

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