Unit 2: Genetic Processes Flashcards
Hereditary
the passing of traits from parents to offspring
Genetics
the branch of biology dealing with heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
a molecule that carries Genetic Information in Cells
gene
a segment of a DNA molecule that codes for a particular trait, which is found at a specific location on a Chromosome
Locus
the location of a Gene on a Chromosome
Polyploid
having more than two sets of chromosomes, many plants are polyploids
asexual Reproduction
the production of offspring from a single parent, the genetic makeup of the Offspring is identical to the parents
sexual Reproduction
the production of offspring from the fusion of 2 sex cells (usually from two different parents): the genetic makeup of the offspring is different from that of either parent
Fragmentation
a method of asexual reproduction in which a piece or body fragment of the parent organism develops into a mature individual
mitosis
the process by which a eukaryotic cell divides the genetic material in its nucleus into 2 new identical nuclei
interphase
the portion of the cell cycle between mitotic division when the genetic material (in the form of a chromatin) is duplicated
chromatin
the tangled strands of DNA and proteins with a eukaryotic nucleus
sister chromatid
the identical copy of a single chromosome that remains attached to the original chromosome at the centromere
cytokinesis
the process in which a eukaryotic cell divides its cytoplasm into 2 new daughter cells
cloning
the process of producing one individuals that is genetically identical to another, using a single cell or tissue
biotechnology
the use and modification of organisms for application in engineering, industry and medicine
genetically modified organism
an organism in which the genetic material has been altered using Genetic Engineering techniques
Gamete
a sex cell, includes sperm cells in males and egg cells in females
fertilization
the formation of a zygote by the joining together or fusion of 2 gamete
zygote
a cell produced the fusion of 2 gametes
ova
female sex cells
meiosis
a 2 stage division in which the resulting daughter cells have the number of chromosomes as the parents cell, this results in the formation of gametes or spores
homologous chromosomes
matching pairs of chromosomes, similar in size and carrying information for the same genes
tetrad
a pair of homologous chromosomes, each with 2 sister chromatids
synapsis
the physical pairing up of homolous the chromosomes during prophase 1 of meiosis
crossing over
the exchange of chromosomes segments between homologous pairs during synapsis
Gametogenesis
the production of gametes (sex cells) in animals
Spermatogenesis
the production of mature sperm cells
oogenesis
the production of mature egg cells
Karyotype
the chromosome of an individual that have been sorted and arranged according to size and type
sex chromosomes
chromosomes that differ in males and female of the same species, aka the combination of sex chromosomes determines the sex of the offspring
autosome
non-sex chromosomes
non-disjunction
the failure of homologous chromosomes to move to opposite poles of the cells during meiosis, which results in an abnormal number of chromosomes in the daughter cells
trisomy
a chromosomal abnormality in which there are 3 Homologous chromosome in place of a homologous
monosomy
a chromosomal abnormality in which there is a single chromosome in place of a homologous pair
Down Syndrome
a chromosomal abnormality in which an individuals has three copies of chromosome number 21, aka Trisomy 21
Prenatal Testing
testing for a genetic order that occurs prior to birth
maternal inheritance
a type of inheritance in which a zygote formed from 2 gametes inherits cytoplasmic DNA from only the female gamete
Paternal Inheritance
a type of inheritance in which a zygote formed from 2 gametes inherits cytoplasmic DNA from only the male gamete
Horizontal gene transfer
the transfer of genetic information from one species into a different species
trait
a particular version of a characteristic that is inherited s
example. hair color or blood type
true breeding organism
an organism that produces offspring that are genetically identical for one or more traits when self pollinated or crossed with another true breeding organism for the same traits
hybrid
the offspring of 2 different true breeding plants
cross
the successful mating of two organisms from distinct genetic lines
p generation
the parent plant used in a cross
f1 generation
the offspring of a P- generation cross
monohybrid
the offspring of 2 different true breeding plants that differ in only one characteristic
monohybrid cross
a cross designed to study the inheritance of only 1 trait
f2 generation
offspring of an F1- generation cross
Law of Segment
a scientific law stating that (1) organism inherit two copies of gene, one from each parent and (2) organisms donate only one copy of each gene to their gamete because the genes separate during gamete formation
allele
a specific form of a gene
Homozygous
describesan individual that carries 2 of the same Alleles for a given characteristic
heterozygous
describes an individuals that carries 2 different alleles for a given characteristic
genotype
the genetic make up an Individual
phenotype
an individuals outward appearance with respect to a specific characteristic
Dominant allele
the allele that, if presence is always expressed
Recessive Allele
the allele that is expressed only if it is not in the presence of the dominant allele, that is, if the individual is homozygous for the recessive allele
Punnett Square
a diagram that summarizes every possible combination of each allele from each parent , this is a tool for determining the probability of a single offspring having a particular genotype
probability
the likely hood that an outcome will occur if it is a matter of chance
test cross
a cross used to determined the genotype of an individual expressing a dominant
complete dominance
a situation where an allele will determine the phenotype, regardless of the presence of another allele
incomplete dominance
a situation where neither allele dominates the other and both have an influence on the individual
