Unit 1: Diversity of Living Things Flashcards
Biodiversity
The number and variety of species and ecosystems on earth
Species
all organisms capable of breeding Freely with each other under Natural Conditions
Hybridization
the cross breeding of 2 Different Species
Morphology
the Physical Appearance and Characteristics of an Organism
Evolutionary Change
a change that occurs in an entire population, this usually occurs over Time, Space and Generations
Genetic Diversity
The genetic variability among organism
Heterotroph
an organism that obtains energy rich nutrients by consuming living or dead Organism
Auto
a organism that uses Sources of energy to Produce nutrients from Water, Gases, and or Minerals
Species Diversity
A measure of Diversity that looks at the Quantity of Each Species Present, as well as the variety of Different species Present
Structural Diversity
The Range of Physical Shapes and Sizes within Habitat or Ecosystems
Food Supply
Relationships between species and their Food
Protection
Species that depend on others for Shelter and Protection
Transportation
Species that move from place to place wit the help of Another
Reproduction
Species that depend o other species for their own successful reproduction
Hygiene
species help maintain the health of another species
Digestion
Species livig within digestive tracts which are essential for the digestion of food
what are the Affects of Biodiversity being at Risk
- threatens or food supply
- eliminates sources of natural medicine and potential new medicides
- has significant economic impact on tourism ad forestry where habitat destruction takes place
- disrupts BiogeoChemical Cycles
What causes Habitat Loss
- Agriculture
- Forestry
- Urban Expansion
- Invasive Species
- over harvesting
- Serious air and water pollution
- Green house gases
Biological Classification
a method of organizing organisms into biological Categories based on Physical and Evolution Relationships
taxonomy
the Science of Classifying all organisms
Genus
a taxonomic level consisting of a group of Similar
Binomial Nomenclature
the naming system where the species name is assigned a 2 part unique name
Taxon
a category used to Classify organisms
Kingdom
the highest taxonomic level
Dichotomous Key
a series of 2 part branching statement that identifies organisms
Evolution
the scientific theory that describe changes in species over time and their shared ancestory
Phylogeny
the Study of the Evolutionary relatedness between and among species
Phylogenetic Tree
a diagram depicting the evolutionary relatedness between differet species or groups
Clade
a taxonomic group that includes a single common ancestor and all its descendants
Prokaryote
a single celled organism that does not contain Membrane bound organelles
Eukaryote
any organism whose cells contain organelles, they can be either single or multicellular
Domain
the highest taxonomic level
How many Domains of life
there are 3
- eubacteria
- Archaea
- Eukaryotes
pathogen
a disease causing agent, often a virus or micro organism
mutualism
a relationship where 2 species live in close proximity, where each benefits
antibiotic
a substance that can kill or weaken micro organisms
Plasmid
a small loop of DNA often found in Prokaryotic Cells (this usually contains a small number of genes
capsule
an outer layer some bacteria which provides some protection
coccus
a round bacterial cell
bacillius
rod shaped bacterial cell
spirillum
a spiral or corkscrew shaped bacterial cell
Inorganic Chemical
a chemical that has an abiotic origin ( non living )
Organic Chemical
a chemical that contains carbon and is produced by Living things
Obligate Aerobe
an organism that cannot survive with out Oxygen
Facultative Aerobe
an organism that can live with or with out oxygen
Obligate Anaerobe
an organism that cannot survive with in the presence of oxygen
Fermentation
an anaerobic process that releases chemical energy from food
Binary Fission
the Division of one parent cell into 2 Genetically identical daughter cells, which is a form of a Sexual Reproduction
Conjugation
a form of sexual reproduction in which 2 cells join to exchange genetic information
transformation
a process in which a bacterial cell takes in and uses pieces of DNA from its environment
horizontal gene transfer
any process where one species gets DNA from a different species (lateral gene Transfer)
endospore
a dormant state that forms inside certain bacteria in response to stress, this protects the cells chromosomes from damage
Virus
a small infectious particle containing genetic material in the form of DNA of RNA
capsid
a protein coat that surrounds the DNA or RNA of a virus
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
a nucleic acid found in all cells and some viruses, which usually carries genetic information that provides instructions for synthesising protein
Epidemic
a large scale outbreak of disease, usually confined to a limited Geographic Region
Pandemic
an epidemic that occurs over a widespread area, which is often global
Bacteriophage
a virus that infects bacteria
lysis
The rupturing of a cell, when newly viruses are released from a host cell
lysogeny
a state of dormancy in which viral DNA may remain within a host cell’s chromosome for many cell cycle generations
Transduction
a type of gene transfer in which a virus transfers DNA from one Bacterium to another
Gene Therapy
a method of treating disease in which genes are introduced into cells to replace, supplement or repair a defective gene
Viroid
a very small infectious piece of RNA responsible for some serious disease in Plants
Prion
an abnormally shaped infectious protein responsible for some brain diseases of mammals
Endosymbiosis
a relationship where a single celled organism lives within the cell(s) of another organism
Haploid
a cell containing half the usual complement of chromosomes (n)
zygote
a cell formed by he fusion of two sex cells (2n)
diploid
a cell containing 2 copies of each chromosome (2n)
sporophyte
a diploid organism that produces haploid spores in an alternation of generations life cycles
Spore
a haploid reproductive structure, which is a single celled organism, this is capable of growing into a new individual
Gametophyte
a haploid organism that produces haploid sex cells in an alternation of generations life cycles
Alternation of Generation
a life cycle in which Diploid individuals produce spores that created haploid individuals
Mycelium
a branched mass of hyphae
Hypha
a thin filament that makes up the body of a fungus
Chitin
a complex chemical found in the cell walls of fungi and in the external coverings of insects and crustaceans such as lobsters and crabs
dikaryotic
containing 2 separate nuclei
meiosis
a form of cell division where a single cell gives rise to 4 haploid daughter cells
mycorrhiza
a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a plant root
Charophytes
the common name for organisms in the order Charophyceae
cuticle
a waterproof wax coating produced by the epidermis of most plants
stoma
a small opening in the epidermis of a plant that allows gas exchange
bryophyte
a small seedless plant that lacks vascular Tissue
antheridium
the specialized structure on a gametophyte that produces sperm
archegonium
the specialized structure on a gametophyte that produces sperm
sporangium
the structure in which spores are produced
gemma
a small clump of haploid photosynthetic cells produced in little cup shaped structures on the gametophytes plants, which is dispersed by splashes of rain to grow another gametophyte plant
lignin
an import structural compound found I the vascular tissues, this makes wood strong
lycophyte
a seedless vascular plant
example of a Lycophyte
club Moss
pterophyte
a seedless vascular plant
example of Pterophyte
ferns
Rhizome
a horizontal underground stem
rhizome
a horizontal underground stem
Pollen
small structures called “grain” that contain a microscopic haploid male gametophyte
ovule
a small structure that contains a microscopic haploid female gametophyte
seed
a plant structure containing an embryo and a food supply, surrounded by a protective outer covering aka the seed coating
Gymnosperm
a vascular plant that produces seeds in special structures called cones
Cones
in plants the reproductive structure of a conifer, which produces pollen or ovules
Angiosperm
a plant that produces flowers
Flowers
the specialized reproductive structure of an Angiosperm , flowers produce pollen and or ovules
fruit
the mature ovary(ies) of flowers plants that contain seeds, fruits help to disperse and protect seeds
cotyledon
a structure in the seeds of flowering plants that stores nutrients
Radial Symmetry
symmetry around a Central Axis
Bilateral Symmetry
symmetry around a midline
Protostome
an animal with bilateral symmetry, during embryotic development
Mouth before Ass/Anus
Deuterostome
an animals with bilateral symmetry, during embryonic development
Ass/Anus Before Mouth
Vertebrate
an animals with a backbone or notochord
Notochord
a flexible rod found in some chordates
invertebrate
an animal that does not have a backbone
Germ layer
one of three layers that form during early embryonic development in most animals
coelom
a body cavity present in some animals, contains the animals internal organs
amniotic egg
an egg with an outer leathery or hard shell and specialized internal membranes that protect and nourish the embryo
