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IGCSE PHYSICS > Unit 2 - Forces + Motion > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Forces + Motion Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the unit for weight

A

Newtons (N)

Weight is a force

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2
Q

Unit for distance

A

Metre (m)

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3
Q

Unit for velocity

A

Metre/second (m/s)

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4
Q

Unit for acceleration

A

Metres per second per second (m/s²)

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5
Q

Unit of measure for any force

A

Newton (N)

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6
Q

Is speed scalar or vector ?

A

Speed is a scalar quality (does not have a direction)

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7
Q

Is velocity scalar or vector?

A

Velocity is a vector quantity as it has a direction.
ie. Travelling at 4m/s north = 4m/s velocity
Travelling at 4m/s south = -4m/s velocity

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8
Q

Is force vector or scalar ?

A

All force has a direction and therefore force is a vector quantity

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9
Q

Average speed (m/s) =

A

Distance moved (m) / time taken (s)

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10
Q

Acceleration (m/s²) =

A

Change in velocity (m/s) / time taken (s)

*deceleration is negative (slowing down)

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11
Q

In a distance/time graph, the gradient =

A

The speed.

Speed = distance/time

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12
Q

In a distance/time graph, a horizontal line means …

A

The object is still

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13
Q

In a velocity/time graph, the gradient =

A

Acceleration

Acceleration = v-u / time 
v = start velocity 
u = new velocity
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14
Q

In a velocity/time graph, a horizontal line means ..

A

That the object is travelling at constant velocity

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15
Q

The area underneath a velocity/time graph =

A

The distance travelled

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16
Q

What is relationship between force, mass, and acceleration

A

Force (N) = mass (kg) X acceleration (m/s²)

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17
Q

Relationship between weight, mass, and gravity (g)

A

Weight (N) = mass (kg) X gravity (g)

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18
Q

When does an object reach terminal velocity ?

A

When the forces acting against an object (drag or resistance) equal the gravitational pull of the object

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19
Q

What factors affect a vehicles stopping distance ?

A

Speed, mass of car, road conditions, reaction time

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20
Q

What is the thinking distance ?

A

The distance travelled between the driver reacting and when they actually hit the brakes

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21
Q

What factors affect thinking distance

A

SPEED, mental state of driver (drunk, tired, distracted), visibility

22
Q

Momentum =

A

Momentum (kg m/s) = mass (kg) X velocity (m/s)

23
Q

Unit of measure for momentum

A

Kilogram metre/second (kg m/s)

24
Q

Newtons 1st law

A

Objects will stay stationary, or continue to move with constant speed, unless an unbalanced force acts upon then.

25
Q

Newtons 2nd law

A

The acceleration produced by a force when it acts on a body is proportional to the force and takes place in the same direction as the force

26
Q

Newtons 3rd law **

A

To every force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force

27
Q

Law of conservation of momentum

A

So long as no external forces are acting on the objects involved, the total momentum before a collision is the same as the total momentum after the collision

28
Q

Relationship between force, change in momentum, and time

A

Force (N) = change in momentum (kg m/s) / time taken (s)

29
Q

What is the unit for mass

A

Kilogram (kg)

30
Q

What is friction

A

A force that opposes motion

31
Q

What is instantaneous speed

A

Speed in the exact moment

32
Q

What effects can a force have on a body?

A

Changes in speed, shape, or direction

33
Q

What are the forces acting on a falling object

A

Downward: weight (gravitational)

Upward : air resistance (drag)

34
Q

How to use the conservation of momentum to calculate the mass, velocity or momentum of objects

A

Momentum (kg m/s) = mass (kg) x velocity(m/s)
Velocity= momentum / mass
Mass= momentum / velocity

If a bullet with a mass of 0.2g is shot from a gun at 100 m/s to work out its momentum we do 0.2g x 100 m/s = 20 g m/s.

35
Q

How do seat belts reduce risk (momentum)

A

force = change in momentum / time

The stretchy material that seat belts are made of make the time taken to come to a complete stop take longer. By increasing the time taken to stop, it decrease the amount of force exerted on the passenger (*)

36
Q

Unit for moment

A

Newtons per metre (N/M)

37
Q

Moment =

A

Moment = force (N) X perpendicular distance from pivot (M)

38
Q

Where in an object does weight act?

A

The weight of a body acts through its centre of gravity

39
Q

What is Hookes law

A

Hooke’s law states that the extension is proportional to the applied force (load), provided that the elastic limit is not exceeded

40
Q

What is elastic behaviour

A

Elastic behaviour is the ability of a material to recover its original shape after the forces causing deformation (load) has been removed

41
Q

What is the different between the orbits of comets, moons, and planets

A

The orbit of moons and planets are described as circular (even though they are slightly elliptical).
Planets orbit starts
Moons orbit planets
Comets orbit stars, however their orbit is EXTREMELY elliptical

42
Q

Orbital speed (Km per day) =

A

(2π X orbital radius (km)) / time period (days)

43
Q

What is the universe

A

The universe is a large collection of billions of galaxies

44
Q

What is a galaxy

A

A galaxy is a large collection of billions of stars

45
Q

Where is our solar system

A

In the Milky Way Galaxy

46
Q

What is g on earth

A

10N/Kg

47
Q

What is g on the moon

A

1.6 N/Kg

48
Q

What is gravitational field strength

A

Gravitational field strength is what causes objects to have weight. It is different on all planets/moons/comets. The more mass an object has, the more gravitational field strength it has

49
Q

What is the principle of moments

A

When an object is in equilibrium (balanced), the sum of the clockwise moment about a point must be equal to the sum of the anti-clockwise moment about the same point

50
Q

Experiment to investigate how extension varies with applied forces for helical Spring, metal wires, and rubber bands

A

Attach a spring to a newton meter and measure its length
Add a 50g weight and measure again
continue to add another weight and take another measurement
Do this up to 400g
by plotting a graph from the results from this you can see the extension increases with force; as each time a weight is added the spring gets longer.

51
Q

How to the upward forces on a light beam, supported at its ends, vary depending on the position of heavy object placed on a beam

A

This means you need to understand that if you have say a plank of wood being held in balance by springs pushing up at the ends and you put a weight on the beam, the springs would have to exert more force as they need to equal the downward force.

IGCSE PHYSICS (8 decks)

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