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Intro Behavioral Neuroscience > Unit 2 Flashcards > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outer layer of embryo that develops into the nervous system

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2
Q

Primitive streak

A

partial invagination of endoderm that will lead to dorsal hollow neural tube

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3
Q

Neural plate

A

portion of ectoderm around the primitive streak that will form the inside lining of the dorsal hollow neural tube

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4
Q

Neural crest

A

Outer edge of the neural plate that will fold in on itself to form the dorsal hollow neural tube

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5
Q

Brain plate

A

outgrowth of the ectoderm that forms bumps, creating parts of the encephalon

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6
Q

Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

A

Development recounts your evolution

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7
Q

Neurogenesis

A

1st stage development: creation of neurons from the ventricular zone of central canal of neural tube

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8
Q

Intrinsic factors

A

genetic determination of a cell’s fate (invertebrates)

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9
Q

Extrinsic factors

A

cells interacting with each other determines a cells fate (vertebrates primary means)

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10
Q

Does adult neurogenesis (in vertebrates) exist?

A

Yes, but in very few places - most growth results in glial cell expansion, increase in axon length, and myelination

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11
Q

Cell migration

A

2nd stage development - neuron moves to appropriate region along radial glial cells (scaffolding)

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12
Q

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

A

molecules that assist with cell migration

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13
Q

Cell differentiation

A

3rd stage development - intrinsic or extrinsic factors drive differentiation

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14
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

4th stage development - growth of neuronal processes guided by chemo attractants and chemorepellents

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15
Q

Cell death

A

5th stage development - natural cell death known as apoptosis

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16
Q

Apoptotic process

A
  1. Ca2+ enters cell and intracellular Ca2+ release triggers events
  2. Diablo protein released from the mitochondria
  3. Diablo binds to IAPs which inhibit apoptosis proteins, so they can no longer block caspases
  4. caspases destroy proteins and DNA
  5. Bcl-2 proteins can inhibit apoptosis by blocking Diablo release
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17
Q

Why do some neurons die?

A

-Genetic mutation
-Availability of synaptic targets
-Not enough neurotrophic factors

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18
Q

Nerve growth factor

A

target organs provide this for sympathetic neurons that prevent cells from dying

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19
Q

Neurotrophins

A

NGF-like molecules crucial to learning and memory processes

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20
Q

Synaptic rearrangement

A

6th stage development - synapses added and retracted
-density of synapses in cortex decreases upon entering adulthood

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21
Q

Motoneuron-muscle cell relation

A

Early: each muscle is innervated by several motoneurons
Eventually: each muscle cell receives input only from one motoneuron
However: one motoneuron can have multiple dendrites that innervate different muscle cells

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22
Q

Behavioral teratology

A

study of how maternal environment for fetus influences nervous system development

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23
Q

Teratogen

A

exogenous agent that may harm development, not just nervous system

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24
Q

Mutations

A

intrinsic factor manifesting as genetic errors, deletions, or over replications

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25
Q

Fragile X syndrome

A

trinucleotide repeats in X chromosome resulting in mild to severe cognitive impairments, commonly seen in males

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26
Q

Study of intrinsic factors

A

Usage of transgenic or knockout mice
-transgenic: gene is introduced
-knockout: gene has been inactivated
Issue: alteration is constitutive, meaning it is always present

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27
Q

Epigenetics

A

Field studying the regulation of gene expression

28
Q

Methylation

A

CH4 addition to DNA reduces gene expression

29
Q

Experiences determines

A

which synapses will be maintained

30
Q

How does binocular deprivation affect neurons?

A

loss of dendritic spines and synapses results in blindness
-eyes still function and send signals to brain, but blind

31
Q

Ocular dominance

A

Degree to which a visual cortical cell responds to light in one eye vs. the other

32
Q

Hippocampus

A

part of brain responsible for memory and emotional response, declines during normal aging processes

33
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

most common form of dementia characterized initially by memory loss, followed by personality changes and other issues

34
Q

Amyloid plaques

A

extracellular accumulations of beta-amyloid, starting in hippocampus, moving to limbic system and eventually frontal cortex

35
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles

A

tangles of protein tau inside neurons

36
Q

Loss of forebrain nuclei

A

Where ACh neurons are located, projecting throughout forebrain responsible for attention, learning, and memory

37
Q

Homoplasy

A

resemblance between the physical or behavioral characteristics due to convergent evolution, between two species that are completely unrelated

38
Q

Analogy

A

similarity in function, despite differences in structure and evolution

39
Q

Homology

A

resemblance based on common ancestry

40
Q

de Vries theory

A

mutations occur, producing spontaneous changes in an organism’s characteristics

41
Q

How does the size of the brain structure relate to importance and function?

A

Typically, larger brain structures have important and highly specialized functions vital to success of animal

42
Q

Neocortex structure

A

-6 layered with more recent mammals having >50% of brain devoted to neocortex
-3-layered in reptiles, homologous to mammalian hippocampus

43
Q

Encephalization factor - takes into account each class’ deviation from center line

A

value of k = greater positive value means you have larger brain size than to be expected

44
Q

How do humans have such big cortices?

A

Regions of the brain that develop later become larger
-also suggests importance of cortical function

45
Q

Social brain hypothesis

A

Larger cortex necessary to handle complex social relationships
-behavioral innovations, tool use, social learning, creativity

46
Q

Sensory processing

A

Sensory receptor organs detecting energy or substance, then answering question of “what the hell was that?”

47
Q

Receptor cells

A

withing the sensory receptor organs, convert the stimulus into an electrical signal through sensory transduction, which are transmitted to the CNS

48
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

receptors such as touch, pain, hearing, vestibular, joint, muscle
-require some type of movement to be initiated

49
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Receptors that require binding of a ligand or chemical to create a transduction pathway
-smell, taste, common chemical, vomeronasal

50
Q

Labeled lines

A

the brain recognizes distinct senses because action potentials travel along separate nerve tracts
-visual and auditory can’t go along same line

51
Q

Generator potentials

A

local changes in membrane potentials

52
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

skin receptor that detects vibration, producing a graded electrical potential that reaches a threshold to develop the action potential

53
Q

Coding

A

patterns of action potentials in a sensory system that reflect a stimulus
-increased frequency = increased stimulus intensity

54
Q

What happens if a neuron hits maximum firing?

A

Multiple neurons can act in parallel through twitch recruitment and summation

55
Q

Range fractionation

A

different cells have different thresholds for firing, over a range of stimulus intensities
-important because individual cells often cannot reflect entire range of a stimulus

56
Q

Location of stimulus?

A

Somatosensory system detects body sensation, location determined by position of activated receptors into the somatosensory cortex in the brain

57
Q

Adaptation

A

progressive loss of a response to a maintained stimulus
-hand kept flat on a table

58
Q

Tonic receptors

A

slow or no decline in action potential frequency

59
Q

Phasic receptors

A

display adaptation and decrease frequency of action potentials
-important for showing CHANGES in the environment

60
Q

Why is adaptation necessary?

A

Some sensory systems don’t respond if a stimulus is constant or near constant

61
Q

What brain regions do most sensory pathways go through, then terminate in?

A

Thalamus, cerebral cortex

62
Q

Receptive field

A

the space in which a stimulus will alter a neuron’s firing rate
-differ in size, shape, response

63
Q

How do receptive fields change as you move higher and higher in the sensory pathway?

A

They progressively get bigger because multiple neurons converge onto one final neuron.

64
Q

Higher level receptive fields have what type of system

A

Center-surround systems
-on-center/off-surround
-off-center/on-surround

65
Q
A

Intro Behavioral Neuroscience (3 decks)

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