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Sport Science > Unit 2: Exercise Physiology A > Flashcards

Unit 2: Exercise Physiology A Flashcards

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1
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

Define Energy.

A

The capacity or ability to perform work.

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2
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

Where does energy come from?

A

The breakdown of ATP for all bodily functions.

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3
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

What is Adenosine Triphosphate?

A

An energy rich molecule made up of adenosine and 3 phosphates, linked by high energy bonds.

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4
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

What is ATP splitting?

A

The high energy bond contains energy that when released powers muscle contraction.
When splits, it creates ADP and a free phosphate, energy comes from the PC split, the function of the energy systems us to reattach the free phosphate, replenishing ATP.

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5
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

What is the ATP splitting equation?

A

ATP = ADP + Pi + Energy

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6
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

What is ATP resynthesis?

A

ATP must be resynthesised for exercise to continue. ATP splitting process is reversed to generate new ATP, muscles only store limited ATP, so must be able to create own.

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7
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

What are the 3 energy systems for the production of ATP?

A

ATP-PC or Phospagen System
Lactic Acid or Anaerobe Glycolysis System
Aerobic or Aerobic Glycolysis System

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8
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

How does Creatine Phosphate replenish ATP?

A

Molecule similar in function to ATP and used for the reaction ADP + Pi = ATP.

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9
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

Where does Creatine Phosphate come from?

A

Half is synthesised by the body, the other half comes from the dietary intake of animal muscle.

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10
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

What are the 3 food fuels?

A

Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins

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11
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

Discuss Carbohydrates.

A

Primary source of ATP production when exercising.

There are simple (sugars/high GI) and complex (starches / low GI) carbohydrates.

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12
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

Provide examples of simple and complex carbohydrates.

A

Simple - release energy quickly
Jelly beans, sports drinks, dried fruit
Complex - release energy slowly
Breads, grains, pasta, potato

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13
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

How do Carbs replenish ATP?

A

when digested, they are converted to glucose for blood transportation and stored as glycogen in muscles and liver. Glycogen provides the energy for ATP production under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions.

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14
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

How do Fats provide energy?

A

Provide the major source of energy for long term physical activity and at rest.

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15
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

What foods do fats come from?

A

Dairy products, nuts, fatty meats, oils.

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16
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

Where are fats stored?

A

Broken down to fatty acids, circulating the blood as triglycerides. They are found in the muscle or liver, stored in adipose tissue.

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17
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

Discuss Protein.

A

Contain amino acids which are important for growth and repair. Amino acids are transported by the blood and are found in the muscles, enzymes and hormones.

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18
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

How does Protein contribute to ATP production?

A

Only minimally contribute to ATP production and is used in extreme conditions (starvation, ultra-marathon) when body is depleted of carb and fat stores.

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19
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

What is hitting the wall?

A

A condition of sudden fatigue and loss of energy which is caused by the depletion of glycogen stores when it starts to rely on fat.

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20
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

What is glycogen sparing?

A

The ability to use fats for energy, particularly aerobic exercise, instead of burning glycogen. This saves glycogen for later use.

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21
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

What does the energy system which produces ATP depend on?

A

Duration
Intensity
Aerobic Fitness
Degree of Recovery

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22
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

Discuss ATP-PC System.

A

Used for activities that require 8-10secs of high intensity, short duration eg. 100m sprint
Not an efficient system as PC stores are exhausted after 10secs
Is anaerobic
PC stores can be replenished during low intensity exercise or at rest and takes approx. 3 minutes

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23
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

How many moles does ATP-PC system produce?

A

1 mol.

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24
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

When does the Lactic Acid System become predominant?

A

After approx. 10-30secs, the contribution of the ATP-PC system begins to diminish (depending on intensity) and the Lactic Acid System takes over.

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25
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

How many moles of ATP does that LA System produce?

A

3 moles.

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26
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

What are the fatiguing by-products of LA System?

A

Hydrogen Ions and lactate increase acidity in the muscles, decreasing pH levels. Resynthesis cannot occur without muscles fully recovering eg. 400m sprint, a game

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27
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

What are the 3 stages in the Aerobic System?

A

Anaerobic Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain

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28
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

Where does Aerobic Glycolysis occur?

A

In the mitochondria, with this system producing the most energy out of the 3 systems.

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29
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

When is Aerobic Glycolysis used?

A

When at rest or during low intensity sub maximal exercise.

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30
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

Where does anaerobic glycolysis occur?

A

Occurs in the cytoplasm

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31
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

When does Anaerobic Glycolysis move onto the Kreb’s cycle?

A

Anaerobic glycolysis is identical to the LA system, only when oxygen becomes present will it move on to the next stage.

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32
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

Where does the Kreb’s Cycle occur?

A

In the mitochondria.

33
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

How many ATP are produced in the Kreb Cycle?

A

2 ATP

34
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

What is the by-product in the Kreb’s Cycle?

A

CO2, this diffused into the blood and is carried away to the lungs and is eliminated.
Hydrogen Ions are also produced, these move to the next stage

35
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur?

A

In the mitochondria.

36
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

What are the non-fatiguing by-products of the Electron Transport Chain?

A

Heat and water.
Water diffuses into tissues and the blood which may be sweated or urinated out or breathed out as water vapour
Heat can escape through skin when blood is redirected to the skin.

37
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

How many moles of ATP are produced in the Electron Transport Chain?

A

34 ATP when using glucose, 460 ATP when using fat.

38
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

What is Myoglobin?

A

Is a protein that binds oxygen, similar to haemoglobin. It aids delivery of oxygen to the mitochondria.

39
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

What are the muscle fibre types?

A

Slow (Type 1) - Red fibres

Fast (Type 2a and 2b) - Pink and White

40
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

What are Slow Twitch Fibres best for and what are some characteristics?

A

Endurance Exercise

Aerobic, Low force production, High number of mitochondria, high oxidative capacity

41
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

What are Fast Twitch Fibres best for and what are some characteristics?

A

High Intensity, short duration exercise.

Anaerobic, high force production, low number of mitochondria, high glycolytic capacity, large motor nerve

42
Q

ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS

What are the proportions of Muscle fibre types?

A

Fibres cannot switch from on type to another nor can they increase in numbers and genetic inheritance determines your speed and endurance potential.

43
Q

OXYGEN DELIVERY

How is heart rate measured?

A

Heart rate is measure in Beats per minute (BPM), max heart rate is measure by 220-age.

44
Q

OXYGEN DELIVERY

What is stroke volume?

A

A measure of how much blood is squeezed out of the heart into the aorta each time it beats.

45
Q

OXYGEN DELIVERY

What is Cardiac output and how is it measured?

A 
Is the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart per minute. 
Cardiac output (Q) = SV x HR
46
Q

OXYGEN DELIVERY

What are the 2 different types of blood pressure?

A

Systolic and Diastolic blood pressure.

47
Q

OXYGEN DELIVERY

What is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure?

A

Systolic indicates the pressure in the arteries as the heart squeezes out blood during each beat. Diastolic indicates the pressure as the heart relaxes before the next beat.

48
Q

OXYGEN DELIVERY

What does blood pressure depend on?

A 
Gender - females have lower BP than males
Age - BP increase with age
Exercise - increases systolic BP
Excitement and stress - BP increases
Diet- Increases with high salt intake
49
Q

OXYGEN DELIVERY

What is blood redistribution?

A

Blood tends to flow to tissues and cells dependent on their level of activity. During intense exercise, blood flows to the muscles to provide extra oxygen

50
Q

OXYGEN DELIVERY

What is Respiratory Rate?

A

Number of Breaths per minute.

51
Q

OXYGEN DELIVERY

What is tidal volume?

A

The amount of air inhaled and exhaled per breath.

52
Q

OXYGEN DELIVERY

What is minute ventilation and how is it calculated?

A 
The volume of air moved into and out of the respiratory tract each minute.
Minute ventilation (VE)= Respiratory Rate (RR) x Tidal Volume (TV)
53
Q

OXYGEN DELIVERY

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

Occurs at the lungs as well as the muscles.

54
Q

OXYGEN DELIVERY

What is gas exchange?

A

A gas which is exchanged for another gas, in this case O2 and CO2, moving gases from a high to low concentration.

55
Q

OXYGEN DELIVERY

What is Arterio-Venous Oxygen Difference (a-VO2 Diff)?

A

The difference in the oxygen content of arterial and mixed venous blood, moving it from a high to low concentration.

56
Q

OXYGEN DELIVERY

What is Oxygen Deficit?

A

Oxygen deficit is entered when the body is not able to supply the body’s energy aerobically. Occurs when body moves from rest to exercise and didn’t give our body systems time to be able to meet the energy demands of the body.

57
Q

OXYGEN DELIVERY

What is aerobic steady state?

A

Is reached once there is a balance between the amount of energy needed for the activity and the amount of energy being supplied aerobically to the body.

58
Q

OXYGEN DELIVERY

What is Oxygen Uptake?

A

Amount of oxygen consumed per unit of time.

59
Q

OXYGEN DELIVERY

What is VO2 Max.?

A

The highest rate of oxygen consumption attainable during maximal or exhaustive exercise. Measured as either absolute or relative.

60
Q

OXYGEN DELIVERY

What is the difference between Absolute and Relative VO2 max?

A

Absolute is measured as L/min, not taking into account body size. Relative is measured in ml/kg/min by dividing the persons absolute reading by their weight and using ml instead of L.

61
Q

OXYGEN DELIVERY

How can VO2 max be measured?

A

Prediction tests can be used such as a beep test which can predict and individuals VO2 max.

62
Q

OXYGEN DELIVERY

What factors affect an individuals VO2 max?

A 
Aerobic fitness
Body size
Gender
Heredity
Age
63
Q

OXYGEN DELIVERY

What is the Lactate Inflection Point (LIP)

A

It occurs when lactate is being produced in the bloodstream faster than it it is being removed.

64
Q

OXYGEN DELIVERY

What does LIP depend on?

A

Individual fitness, environmental conditions, nutritional status, genetics, type of training and the intensity of the exercise

65
Q

OXYGEN DELIVERY

How can an individual improve lactate threshold?

A

Interval training or continuous training

66
Q

OXYGEN DELIVERY

What is buffering?

A

An individuals buffering mechanism allows for the effective removal of H+ ions and lactate allowing the body to work for longer.

67
Q

EFFECTS OF TRAINING

What are training effects?

A

Training effects are the physiological changes your body makes in response to the demands of exercise.

68
Q

EFFECTS OF TRAINING

What are the 2 responses?

A

Acute responses

Chronic adaptations

69
Q

EFFECTS OF TRAINING

What are acute responses?

A

The changes that occur in the body that only last for the duration of the exercise.

70
Q

EFFECTS OF TRAINING

What are the Cardiovascular acute responses to exercise?

A 
Increased heart rate
Increased stroke volume
Increased cardiac output
Increased systolic blood pressure
Increased blood flow
Redistribution of blood flow to working muscles
Increased a-v O2 diff
Decreased blood plasma volume
Increased blood lactate concentrations
Blood pH decreases.
71
Q

EFFECTS OF TRAINING

What are the acute respiratory responses to exercise?

A

Increased respiratory rate
Increased tidal volume
Increased ventilation
Increased Oxygen Uptake or Volume of oxygen consumed

72
Q

EFFECTS OF TRAINING

What are the acute muscular responses to exercise?

A 
Increased blood flow to the muscles
Increased muscle temperature
Increased muscle enzyme activity
Increased oxygen supply and use
Depletion of muscle energy stores
Increased motor unit and muscle fibre recruitment
73
Q

EFFECTS OF TRAINING

What are chronic adaptations?

A

Are changes that occur over longer periods of time as a direct result of the training undertaken

74
Q

EFFECTS OF TRAINING

What factors affect chronic adaptations?

A

Individual capacities and genetic factors
Frequency, duration and intensity of training
The type of training (aerobic or anaerobic)

75
Q

EFFECTS OF TRAINING

What are the chronic adaptations at rest?

A 
Decreased resting heart rate
Increased stroke volume
Unchanged or decrease cardiac output
Increased blood volume
Decreased blood pressure
Decreased lung ventilation
Increased capillariation of the heart and skeletal muscle
76
Q

EFFECTS OF TRAINING

What are the chronic adaptations during sub-maximal exercise?

A 
Decreased heart rate
Cardiac hypertrophy
Increased capillarisation of the heart muscle
Improved heart rate recovery rates
Increased stroke volume
Decreased Blood flow to working muscles
Decreased blood pressure
Increased a-vO2 diff
Unchanged cardiac output
Decreased VE
Decreased or unchanged VO2 
Increased LIP
77
Q

EFFECTS OF TRAINING

What are the chronic adaptations during maximal exercise?

A 
Cardiac hypertrophy
Increased capillarisation of heart and skeletal muscle
Increased SV
Increased Q
Increased VO2 max
Improved heart rate recovery rate
Increased a-vO2 max
Increased/unchanged muscle blood flow
Increased VE
Increased LIP
78
Q

EFFECTS OF TRAINING

What are the chronic muscular adaptations of endurance training?

A

Increased Oxygen extraction by increased concentrations of myoglobin
Increased oxygen delivery
Increased numbers of energy production sites
Increased oxidation of fats (glycogen sparing)
Increased fuel stores of muscle glycogen and triglycerides
Increased size of slow twitch muscle fibres
Decreased utilization of Anaerobic Glycolysis system

79
Q

EFFECTS OF TRAINING

What are the chronic muscular adaptation of anaerobic training?

A

Increased muscle stores of ATP and PC stores
Increased muscle glycogen stores and glycolytic enzymes
Increased storage of glycogen
Increased size of fast twitch muscle fibres
Increased speed and force of contraction
Increased number of muscle capillaries

Sport Science (4 decks)

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