Unit 2: Exercise Physiology A Flashcards
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
Define Energy.
The capacity or ability to perform work.
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
Where does energy come from?
The breakdown of ATP for all bodily functions.
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
What is Adenosine Triphosphate?
An energy rich molecule made up of adenosine and 3 phosphates, linked by high energy bonds.
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
What is ATP splitting?
The high energy bond contains energy that when released powers muscle contraction.
When splits, it creates ADP and a free phosphate, energy comes from the PC split, the function of the energy systems us to reattach the free phosphate, replenishing ATP.
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
What is the ATP splitting equation?
ATP = ADP + Pi + Energy
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
What is ATP resynthesis?
ATP must be resynthesised for exercise to continue. ATP splitting process is reversed to generate new ATP, muscles only store limited ATP, so must be able to create own.
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
What are the 3 energy systems for the production of ATP?
ATP-PC or Phospagen System
Lactic Acid or Anaerobe Glycolysis System
Aerobic or Aerobic Glycolysis System
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
How does Creatine Phosphate replenish ATP?
Molecule similar in function to ATP and used for the reaction ADP + Pi = ATP.
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
Where does Creatine Phosphate come from?
Half is synthesised by the body, the other half comes from the dietary intake of animal muscle.
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
What are the 3 food fuels?
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
Discuss Carbohydrates.
Primary source of ATP production when exercising.
There are simple (sugars/high GI) and complex (starches / low GI) carbohydrates.
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
Provide examples of simple and complex carbohydrates.
Simple - release energy quickly
Jelly beans, sports drinks, dried fruit
Complex - release energy slowly
Breads, grains, pasta, potato
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
How do Carbs replenish ATP?
when digested, they are converted to glucose for blood transportation and stored as glycogen in muscles and liver. Glycogen provides the energy for ATP production under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions.
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
How do Fats provide energy?
Provide the major source of energy for long term physical activity and at rest.
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
What foods do fats come from?
Dairy products, nuts, fatty meats, oils.
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
Where are fats stored?
Broken down to fatty acids, circulating the blood as triglycerides. They are found in the muscle or liver, stored in adipose tissue.
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
Discuss Protein.
Contain amino acids which are important for growth and repair. Amino acids are transported by the blood and are found in the muscles, enzymes and hormones.
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
How does Protein contribute to ATP production?
Only minimally contribute to ATP production and is used in extreme conditions (starvation, ultra-marathon) when body is depleted of carb and fat stores.
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
What is hitting the wall?
A condition of sudden fatigue and loss of energy which is caused by the depletion of glycogen stores when it starts to rely on fat.
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
What is glycogen sparing?
The ability to use fats for energy, particularly aerobic exercise, instead of burning glycogen. This saves glycogen for later use.
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
What does the energy system which produces ATP depend on?
Duration
Intensity
Aerobic Fitness
Degree of Recovery
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
Discuss ATP-PC System.
Used for activities that require 8-10secs of high intensity, short duration eg. 100m sprint
Not an efficient system as PC stores are exhausted after 10secs
Is anaerobic
PC stores can be replenished during low intensity exercise or at rest and takes approx. 3 minutes
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
How many moles does ATP-PC system produce?
1 mol.
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
When does the Lactic Acid System become predominant?
After approx. 10-30secs, the contribution of the ATP-PC system begins to diminish (depending on intensity) and the Lactic Acid System takes over.
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
How many moles of ATP does that LA System produce?
3 moles.
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
What are the fatiguing by-products of LA System?
Hydrogen Ions and lactate increase acidity in the muscles, decreasing pH levels. Resynthesis cannot occur without muscles fully recovering eg. 400m sprint, a game
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
What are the 3 stages in the Aerobic System?
Anaerobic Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
Where does Aerobic Glycolysis occur?
In the mitochondria, with this system producing the most energy out of the 3 systems.
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
When is Aerobic Glycolysis used?
When at rest or during low intensity sub maximal exercise.
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
Where does anaerobic glycolysis occur?
Occurs in the cytoplasm
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
When does Anaerobic Glycolysis move onto the Kreb’s cycle?
Anaerobic glycolysis is identical to the LA system, only when oxygen becomes present will it move on to the next stage.
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
Where does the Kreb’s Cycle occur?
In the mitochondria.
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
How many ATP are produced in the Kreb Cycle?
2 ATP
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
What is the by-product in the Kreb’s Cycle?
CO2, this diffused into the blood and is carried away to the lungs and is eliminated.
Hydrogen Ions are also produced, these move to the next stage
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur?
In the mitochondria.
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
What are the non-fatiguing by-products of the Electron Transport Chain?
Heat and water.
Water diffuses into tissues and the blood which may be sweated or urinated out or breathed out as water vapour
Heat can escape through skin when blood is redirected to the skin.
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
How many moles of ATP are produced in the Electron Transport Chain?
34 ATP when using glucose, 460 ATP when using fat.
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
What is Myoglobin?
Is a protein that binds oxygen, similar to haemoglobin. It aids delivery of oxygen to the mitochondria.
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
What are the muscle fibre types?
Slow (Type 1) - Red fibres
Fast (Type 2a and 2b) - Pink and White
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
What are Slow Twitch Fibres best for and what are some characteristics?
Endurance Exercise
Aerobic, Low force production, High number of mitochondria, high oxidative capacity
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
What are Fast Twitch Fibres best for and what are some characteristics?
High Intensity, short duration exercise.
Anaerobic, high force production, low number of mitochondria, high glycolytic capacity, large motor nerve
ENERGY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
What are the proportions of Muscle fibre types?
Fibres cannot switch from on type to another nor can they increase in numbers and genetic inheritance determines your speed and endurance potential.
OXYGEN DELIVERY
How is heart rate measured?
Heart rate is measure in Beats per minute (BPM), max heart rate is measure by 220-age.
OXYGEN DELIVERY
What is stroke volume?
A measure of how much blood is squeezed out of the heart into the aorta each time it beats.
OXYGEN DELIVERY
What is Cardiac output and how is it measured?
Is the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart per minute. Cardiac output (Q) = SV x HR
OXYGEN DELIVERY
What are the 2 different types of blood pressure?
Systolic and Diastolic blood pressure.
OXYGEN DELIVERY
What is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure?
Systolic indicates the pressure in the arteries as the heart squeezes out blood during each beat. Diastolic indicates the pressure as the heart relaxes before the next beat.
OXYGEN DELIVERY
What does blood pressure depend on?
Gender - females have lower BP than males Age - BP increase with age Exercise - increases systolic BP Excitement and stress - BP increases Diet- Increases with high salt intake
OXYGEN DELIVERY
What is blood redistribution?
Blood tends to flow to tissues and cells dependent on their level of activity. During intense exercise, blood flows to the muscles to provide extra oxygen
OXYGEN DELIVERY
What is Respiratory Rate?
Number of Breaths per minute.
OXYGEN DELIVERY
What is tidal volume?
The amount of air inhaled and exhaled per breath.
OXYGEN DELIVERY
What is minute ventilation and how is it calculated?
The volume of air moved into and out of the respiratory tract each minute. Minute ventilation (VE)= Respiratory Rate (RR) x Tidal Volume (TV)
OXYGEN DELIVERY
Where does gas exchange occur?
Occurs at the lungs as well as the muscles.
OXYGEN DELIVERY
What is gas exchange?
A gas which is exchanged for another gas, in this case O2 and CO2, moving gases from a high to low concentration.
OXYGEN DELIVERY
What is Arterio-Venous Oxygen Difference (a-VO2 Diff)?
The difference in the oxygen content of arterial and mixed venous blood, moving it from a high to low concentration.
OXYGEN DELIVERY
What is Oxygen Deficit?
Oxygen deficit is entered when the body is not able to supply the body’s energy aerobically. Occurs when body moves from rest to exercise and didn’t give our body systems time to be able to meet the energy demands of the body.
OXYGEN DELIVERY
What is aerobic steady state?
Is reached once there is a balance between the amount of energy needed for the activity and the amount of energy being supplied aerobically to the body.
OXYGEN DELIVERY
What is Oxygen Uptake?
Amount of oxygen consumed per unit of time.
OXYGEN DELIVERY
What is VO2 Max.?
The highest rate of oxygen consumption attainable during maximal or exhaustive exercise. Measured as either absolute or relative.
OXYGEN DELIVERY
What is the difference between Absolute and Relative VO2 max?
Absolute is measured as L/min, not taking into account body size. Relative is measured in ml/kg/min by dividing the persons absolute reading by their weight and using ml instead of L.
OXYGEN DELIVERY
How can VO2 max be measured?
Prediction tests can be used such as a beep test which can predict and individuals VO2 max.
OXYGEN DELIVERY
What factors affect an individuals VO2 max?
Aerobic fitness Body size Gender Heredity Age
OXYGEN DELIVERY
What is the Lactate Inflection Point (LIP)
It occurs when lactate is being produced in the bloodstream faster than it it is being removed.
OXYGEN DELIVERY
What does LIP depend on?
Individual fitness, environmental conditions, nutritional status, genetics, type of training and the intensity of the exercise
OXYGEN DELIVERY
How can an individual improve lactate threshold?
Interval training or continuous training
OXYGEN DELIVERY
What is buffering?
An individuals buffering mechanism allows for the effective removal of H+ ions and lactate allowing the body to work for longer.
EFFECTS OF TRAINING
What are training effects?
Training effects are the physiological changes your body makes in response to the demands of exercise.
EFFECTS OF TRAINING
What are the 2 responses?
Acute responses
Chronic adaptations
EFFECTS OF TRAINING
What are acute responses?
The changes that occur in the body that only last for the duration of the exercise.
EFFECTS OF TRAINING
What are the Cardiovascular acute responses to exercise?
Increased heart rate Increased stroke volume Increased cardiac output Increased systolic blood pressure Increased blood flow Redistribution of blood flow to working muscles Increased a-v O2 diff Decreased blood plasma volume Increased blood lactate concentrations Blood pH decreases.
EFFECTS OF TRAINING
What are the acute respiratory responses to exercise?
Increased respiratory rate
Increased tidal volume
Increased ventilation
Increased Oxygen Uptake or Volume of oxygen consumed
EFFECTS OF TRAINING
What are the acute muscular responses to exercise?
Increased blood flow to the muscles Increased muscle temperature Increased muscle enzyme activity Increased oxygen supply and use Depletion of muscle energy stores Increased motor unit and muscle fibre recruitment
EFFECTS OF TRAINING
What are chronic adaptations?
Are changes that occur over longer periods of time as a direct result of the training undertaken
EFFECTS OF TRAINING
What factors affect chronic adaptations?
Individual capacities and genetic factors
Frequency, duration and intensity of training
The type of training (aerobic or anaerobic)
EFFECTS OF TRAINING
What are the chronic adaptations at rest?
Decreased resting heart rate Increased stroke volume Unchanged or decrease cardiac output Increased blood volume Decreased blood pressure Decreased lung ventilation Increased capillariation of the heart and skeletal muscle
EFFECTS OF TRAINING
What are the chronic adaptations during sub-maximal exercise?
Decreased heart rate Cardiac hypertrophy Increased capillarisation of the heart muscle Improved heart rate recovery rates Increased stroke volume Decreased Blood flow to working muscles Decreased blood pressure Increased a-vO2 diff Unchanged cardiac output Decreased VE Decreased or unchanged VO2 Increased LIP
EFFECTS OF TRAINING
What are the chronic adaptations during maximal exercise?
Cardiac hypertrophy Increased capillarisation of heart and skeletal muscle Increased SV Increased Q Increased VO2 max Improved heart rate recovery rate Increased a-vO2 max Increased/unchanged muscle blood flow Increased VE Increased LIP
EFFECTS OF TRAINING
What are the chronic muscular adaptations of endurance training?
Increased Oxygen extraction by increased concentrations of myoglobin
Increased oxygen delivery
Increased numbers of energy production sites
Increased oxidation of fats (glycogen sparing)
Increased fuel stores of muscle glycogen and triglycerides
Increased size of slow twitch muscle fibres
Decreased utilization of Anaerobic Glycolysis system
EFFECTS OF TRAINING
What are the chronic muscular adaptation of anaerobic training?
Increased muscle stores of ATP and PC stores
Increased muscle glycogen stores and glycolytic enzymes
Increased storage of glycogen
Increased size of fast twitch muscle fibres
Increased speed and force of contraction
Increased number of muscle capillaries
