Unit 1: Skill Acquisition Flashcards
MOTOR SKILLS
What is a motor skill?
A motor skill is an activity that involves voluntary muscular movement with the correct degree of muscular control to complete a reasonably complex predetermined task.
MOTOR SKILLS
What is a motor program?
A whole plan which specifies correct timing and sequencing.
MOTOR SKILLS
What is a subroutine?
When a motor skill has been broken down into its component parts.
MOTOR SKILLS
What 3 factors can a motor skill be classified as?
1- Movement Precision
2- Type of movement
3- Environmental predictability
MOTOR SKILLS
What does movement precision refer to?
The muscle groups used
MOTOR SKILLS
What are the 2 types of movement precision?
Fine- uses small muscle groups requiring great precision, eg. Dart throwing & writing.
Gross- involve large parts of the body, eg. Block start & rugby tackle.
MOTOR SKILLS
What are the 3 types of movement?
Discrete- a movement with a distinct beginning & end, eg. Shot out & throwing a ball.
Continuous- a repetitive movement, eg. Cycling & running.
Serial- discrete movements linked together in a sequence, eg. triple jump & gymnastics routine
MOTOR SKILLS
What does the environmental predictability refer to?
The availability of the environment, which could be either ball or context court surface or wind conditions etc.
MOTOR SKILLS
What’s the 2 types of environmental predictability?
Closed- environment that is stable and highly predictable and performer is in full control of timing, eg. gymnastics & 10-pin-bowling
Open- performed in an environment that is rapidly changing and unpredictable, eg. basketball & football
Shown on continuum
MOTOR SKILLS
What are the 3 stages of learning set out by Fitts & Posner?
1- Cognitive
2- Associative
3- Autonomous
MOTOR SKILLS
What is the cognitive stage and characteristics?
For beginners when they are learning what is needed to perform a skill.
Large number of errors Poor timing Unnecessary movements Rapid progressions Frustrated and loss of motivation Perform skills slowly Rarely have two consecutive trials the same.
MOTOR SKILLS
Coaching tips for cognitive stage.
Provide accurate demonstration.
Don’t overload with information.
MOTOR SKILLS
Coaching tips for associative stage.
Provide practice in competition stimulated situations.
Continually seek to challenge athlete by increasing difficulty, expectations & tolerance.
MOTOR SKILLS
What is the associative stage and characteristics?
This is the intermediate stage when the individual is refining accuracy and consistency of the skill.
Reduced degree of error
Know how to do skill, not just what to do.
Develop anticipation and timing
Improvements are incremental
Consistency
More efficient
Some remain in this stage for extended periods.
MOTOR SKILLS
Coaching tips for autonomous stage.
Performer is able to chunk together large amounts of information to reduce response time.
It can be necessary to go back to associative stages to improve or change technique.
MOTOR SKILLS
What are the factors affecting skill acquisition?
Previous experience Motivation Heredity Socio-cultural experiences Geographical Location Personality Age & maturity Opportunity Ability to process information Physical characteristics Quality of instruction Gender
MOTOR SKILLS
What is the autonomous stage and characteristics?
This is the elite stage of learning and very few reach this stage.
Movements become automatic, requiring little to no conscious thought.
Effortless movements.
Carry out other skills simultaneously
Repeatable and consistent performance.
High speed and efficiency
Improvements are subtle and can identify and correct own errors.
Habits can be difficult to break as even elite athletes need to revisit and refine automatic skills.
PRACTICING SKILLS
What are the 7 classifications of practice?
1- Massed Practice 2- Distributed practice 3- Whole Practice 4- Part Practice 5- Fixed/Drill Practice 6- Varied Practice 6- Progressive Practice
PRACTICING SKILLS
What is massed practice?
Practice with no rest intervals
Fatigue and loss of motivation would be experienced by beginners - meaning it is undesirable.
eg. 30 sprint efforts, 50 softball pitches, 25 overhead volleyball serves.
PRACTICING SKILLS
What is Distributed Practice?
Practice that contains rest intervals, with short frequent practice conditions.
Important element is the work : rest ratio.
eg. 5x 20 chest passes w’ 2min rest, 2 min forward rolls 2 min handstands repeat.
PRACTICING SKILLS
What is whole practice?
When a skill is practiced in it’s entirety and is effective for skills with a high complexity.
eg. Jump Shot, skating.
PRACTICING SKILLS
What is Part Practice?
When a skill is being learnt in its component parts and is used when a skill has clear defined components.
eg. Hurdles, Golf swing.
PRACTICING SKILLS
What is progressive practice?
Combination of both whole and part practice.
Ables learner to progressively learn and become better at the subroutines
Learning individual parts and then practicing as a whole would be best for a beginner.
PRACTICING SKILLS
What is fixed/Drill practice?
Learning one component of a multi-task to improve specific component.
eg. 20 forehands 20 backhands (tennis), wickets (running)
PRACTICING SKILLS
What is varied practice?
Where the environment changes to be as close as possible to a competitive situation.
eg. Game play
PRACTICING SKILLS
What is the schema development theory?
Motor programmes which can be clustered and are changeable to respond to differing situations within the environment.
Muscle memory contribute to the rules of schema which we learn in order to execute skills in differing environments and situations.
INFORMATION PROCESSING
What is the information processing model?
sensory input- decision making- output- feedback - repeat
eg. Ball approaching - visual signals received - decides on response- swing bat
INFORMATION PROCESSING
What is the sensory input?
Information from the environment which a player is aware of and uses to decide on respond.
(Comes from senses)
INFORMATION PROCESSING
What is decision making?
The combination of recognition, perception & memory processes used to select appropriate responses to the demands of the situation.
INFORMATION PROCESSING
What are the components of Decision Making? Discuss.
1- Stimulus Identification = Once the stimulus is received it has meaning attributed from memory.
2- Response Selection = The identified stimulus is aligned to a decided upon course of action or movement.
3- Response programming = The required motor program is retrieved from long-term memory & a planned, coordinated sequence of muscular contractions are initiated.
INFORMATION PROCESSING
What is the output?
The actual movement- Movement of muscle or programmed action is initiated.
INFORMATION PROCESSING
What is the feedback?
All the information a person receives about the performance of a skill.
INFORMATION PROCESSING
Where is information received from?
the 5 senses (sight, hearing, smell, touch and taste) from the external environment.
Information from the body is received from the muscles, tendons & joints via sensory nerve endings (proprioceptors [kinaesthetic sense])
INFORMATION PROCESSING
What are the most important senses?
Vision
Equilibrium (balance)
Proprioception (kinaesthetic & touch)
Hearing.
INFORMATION PROCESSING
How does vision enable information processing?
Enables performer to follow moving projectiles and provides the ability to judge direction, distance and ability to detect colour and brightness.
eg. Golfer estimating distance to greens, Cricketer watching the way spin bowler holds the ball.
INFORMATION PROCESSING
How does the equilibrium help information processing?
Internal senses which tell your body if it’s in balance or not
Important for skills that require rapid changes in movement.
eg. Dancing, gymnastics & diving.
INFORMATION PROCESSING
How does hearing help information processing?
Important in all sports to receive cues
eg. Starting gun, coaches de-brief, message from team mate, hearing opponent from behind you or the umpires whistles.
INFORMATION PROCESSING
How does proprioception help information processing?
Allows a person to judge how a movement feels through the muscular movement & effort, as well as the movement & positions of the joints and tendons.
Enables person to feel pain and changes in pressure and temperature.
eg. correct grip on tennis racquet, golf
INFORMATION PROCESSING
What is a cue?
A piece of information received from the environment through our senses
eg. Visual acuity, auditory cues, tactile cues and kinaesthesis
INFORMATION PROCESSING
What is noise?
It is all the irrelevant information from the environment.
eg. hearing comments from the crowd, smell of burgers
INFORMATION PROCESSING
What is selective attention?
A performers ability to block out irrelevant information and only attend to the relevant cues.
* This cuts down on the amount of incoming information thereby reducing processing time.
INFORMATION PROCESSING
What is Orienting?
Looking to the correct part of the environment to ensure vital cues are detected.
REACTION TIME
Define reaction time.
The time between a stimulus and the first movement initiated in response to it.
REACTION TIME
Define Movement Time.
The time to complete the task after it has been initiated and begins when the body has started to move, not when the stimulus is first applied.
REACTION TIME
Define Response Time.
Time taken from initial stimulus to the completion of the task.
(Reaction time + Movement time)
REACTION TIME
What are the 2 types of reaction time?
Simple reaction time
Choice reaction time.
REACTION TIME
What is simple reaction time?
This is when there is only one stimulus to react an only one correct response.
REACTION TIME
What is choice reaction time?
Time taken to respond to several stimuli in 2 situations. When each of the different stimuli require different responses or when there is only one possible response to several stimuli.
REACTION TIME
What is Hick’s Law?
Hick’s Law states that there is a relationship between the number of stimulus presented and reaction time.
As the number of stimulus response alternatives increases, so does the time taken to react.
REACTION TIME
What is the importance of reaction time?
Athletes with a faster reaction time have an advantage over athletes in many activities.
Allows athletes to have more decision making time.
More important in open skills.
REACTION TIME
What are the factors influencing reaction time?
Age Gender Intensity of stimuli Probability of stimuli occurring Warning signals Signal detection Previous experience Selective attention Psychological Refractory Period. Stimulus Response Compatibility
REACTION TIME
What is the psychological refractory period?
As information processing can only deal with one stimuli at a time, if a second stimulus has been presented before the first has been processed, this time delay is known as the psychological refractory period.
REACTION TIME
How can a player take advantage of the Psychological Refractory Period?
Presenting a fake or baulk to attempt for their opponent to react to the movement, they are taking advantage of the psychological refractory period.
Achieved by experience and knowledge of the game.
REACTION TIME
How can reaction time be reduced?
Anticipation.
REACTION TIME
What is spatial anticipation?
Anticipating what is going to happen.
REACTION TIME
What is temporal anticipation?
Anticipating when it is going to happen.
REACTION TIME
What is anticipation?
The process which a player prepares to initiate a particular response before the appearance of the signal.
MEMORY
What is memory?
Is the persistance of products from information processing
MEMORY
What are the different memory stores?
Short Term Sensory Store
Short Term Memory
Long Term Memory
MEMORY
What is the storage duration and capacity of STSS?
S- Less than 1 second
C- Limitless
MEMORY
Discuss STSS
Holds information received from the environment (senses)
Involves very little conscious involvement
Helps to explain how some athletes ‘know’ where others are without ‘looking’
MEMORY
What is the storage duration and capacity of STM?
S- 1-60secs
C- 7+-2 (5-9)
MEMORY
Discuss STM
Only transferred to this stage from STSS if information has been selectively attended to. The info transferred is usually relevant to the athlete
Information only remains in this stage for as long as attention is given
Have to be careful not to overload athletes.
MEMORY
What are the factors affecting STM?
Relevance & Meaningfulness Interference (distractions) Chunking or coding Rehearsal or Practice Overloading
MEMORY
What is the storage duration and capacity of LTM?
They are both limitless.
MEMORY
Discuss LTM.
Information is rehearsed and passed on from STM
Where information is encoded
Muscle memory is a part of LTM- describes the process of committing a specific motor task into long-term memory through repetition. Able to complete movement automatically with no though required.
MEMORY
How does schema relate to LTM?
LTM creates automatic muscle memory, meaning that when skills have been done in differing environments and situations, the will have been encoded how to perform in particular conditions.
FEEDBACK
What is feedback?
All the information an athlete receives about the result or process of an activity, either during the performance or at it’s completion.
FEEDBACK
What are the main roles of feedback?
Motivate - if errors are pointed out athletes are motivated to make corrections
Instructing - guides the athletes on ways to move more efficiently
Reinforcing - if athlete is successful, then it reinforces learning that has taken place.
FEEDBACK
How is feedback classified?
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
FEEDBACK
What is intrinsic feedback?
The feedback that comes from the senses both during and after a movement pattern.
FEEDBACK
What is extrinsic feedback?
Information which is provided through an outside source and provides information about the outcome of their performance.
There are 2 categories (Knowledge of Results and Knowledge of performance.
FEEDBACK
What is the difference between knowledge of results and knowledge of performance?
KR- Indicates the outcome rather than the movement that brought about the performance.
KP- Indicates technical correctness or quality of the movement.
FEEDBACK
What is continuous feedback that relates to timing?
Feedback that is provided from many sources during the execution of skills.
FEEDBACK
What is terminal feedback that relates to timing?
This is the feedback that is provided after the execution of a skill has been performed.
MOVEMENT ANALYSIS
What are the important anatomical positions?
Flexion- decreased angle Extension- Increase in angle Abduction- movement away from midline Adduction- Movement towards midline Anterior- front of the body Posterior- refers to the back of the body
MOVEMENT ANALYSIS
What is kinematics?
Studies the description of motion, including how fast, how far and how consistently a body moves.
MOVEMENT ANALYSIS
What is linear motion?
Motion of the body in a straight line.
MOVEMENT ANALYSIS
What is angular motion?
Motion of all parts of the body moving around a fixed point.
MOVEMENT ANALYSIS
What is general motion?
Combination of linear or angular motion, most human motion refers to this.
MOVEMENT ANALYSIS
What is projectile motion?
Anything which is launched into the air and affected only by gravity and air resistance.
MOVEMENT ANALYSIS
What are the factors affecting projectile motion?
Velocity of release- harder its hit, higher and further it will travel.
Angle of release- this ensures maximum execution of skills.
Height of release- the higher the point of release, the further it will travel.
Shape- streamline shapes travel more efficiently due to less drag force pulling the projectile backwards.
Air Resistance- when a projectile pushes through the air, it creates a drag force behind it.
Spin- changes the shape
MOVEMENT ANALYSIS
What is velocity?
Is how fast the projectile is released and measures ratio of potential change (v= d/t)
MOVEMENT ANALYSIS
What is kinetics?
Studies the influences on the movement of the body and the forces associated with motion.
MOVEMENT ANALYSIS
What is mass?
The amount of matter that makes up an object, measuring the amount of inertia of a body.
Measure in kg.
The greater the mass, the greater the force needed to change the state of motion.
MOVEMENT ANALYSIS
What is force?
The pushing or pulling effect of a body that can cause change.
A force is required to initiate, slow down or stop the movement of an object.
Measure in Newtons (N)
MOVEMENT ANALYSIS
What are Newtons Laws of Motion?
1- Inertia
2- F=mxa
3- Action reaction
MOVEMENT ANALYSIS
What are levers?
The human body is made up of levers in the form of appendages.
The use of levers allows humans to apply increased force and generate greater power.
MOVEMENT ANALYSIS
What are the type of balance?
Centre of gravity- centre of balance of weight and changes for different athletes.
Base of Support- the area of the supporting base is directly related to its stability (the base of support, the greater the degree of stability)
Stability- body’s ability to remain in balance and can be either static or dynamic.
MOVEMENT ANALYSIS
What are the steps in biomechanics analysis?
1- Determine the objective 2- Use observation techniques 3- identify movement patterns 4- divide into sub routines 5- detect errors 6- identify starter mechanisms
MOVEMENT ANALYSIS
What is a starter mechanism?
Irrelevant movements which may be used by the athlete to establish a rhythm in performance of a skill which doesn’t necessarily impact the outcome of a skill.
