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Biology 1&2 > Unit 2: Exam Revision > Flashcards

Unit 2: Exam Revision Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the purpose of The Cell Cycle?

A

To allow somatic cells to divide

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2
Q

What occurs in Step 1 of CC?

A

Interphase (DNA replication and cell growth)

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3
Q

What occurs in Step 2 of CC?

A

Mitosis

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4
Q

What occurs in Step 3 of CC?

A

Cytokinesis (Division of cytoplasm)

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5
Q

What occurs in each sub-stage of the Interphase?

A

G1- Cell Growth
S- DNA Replication
G2- Cell Growth

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6
Q

What are the 4 phases of Mitosis in order?

A

P-Prophase
M-Metaphase
A-Anaphase
T-Telophase

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7
Q

What is the purpose of Mitosis?

A

To produce identical daughter cells as original/parent

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8
Q

How many daughter cells are produced in Mitosis?

A

2

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9
Q

What is a somatic cell?

A

Any cell other then germline cell (sperm or egg)

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10
Q

What is Asexual Reproduction?

A

Reproduction without sex

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11
Q

Name 3 ADVANTAGES of Asexual Reproduction

A

Rapid Population Growth
Single Parent Organism
Uses little energy

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12
Q

Name 3 DISADVANTAGES of Asexual Reproduction

A

Little Genetic Variation
Rapid Population Growth (may lead to competition for resources)
Any mutation in parent will be passed on

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13
Q

Name 5 ways of Asexual Reproduction

A 
Binary Fission (splits into 2 equal parts, then grows)
Splitting (splits into many parts, organisms grow from part)
Spore Formation (organism breaks into multiple pieces to be carried away and grow)
Budding (new organisms form off of parent)
Vegetative Propagation (creating new plants from stems/leaves/roots of parent organism)
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14
Q

What is the purpose of Meiosis?

A

Cell division which creates gametes, all being genetically different

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15
Q

What are the Gametes and Gonads in males and femals

A

Female Gamete = Eggs, Female Gonad = Ovaries

Male Gamete = Sperm, Male Gonad = Testes

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16
Q

What is the Diploid number?

A

Total number of chromosomes in a somatic cell. 2n

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17
Q

What is the Haploid number?

A

Total number of chromosomes in a germline cell/gamete n

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18
Q

What is the process of sperm production called?

A

Spermatogenisis

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19
Q

How long does it take to produce 1 sperm cell?

A

64-72 days

produced from puberty until death

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20
Q

What is the process of egg production called?

A

Oogenesis

Eggs released from puberty until menapause

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21
Q

What does Antenatal mean?

A

Human pre-birth development

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22
Q

What does Gestational Age mean?

A

Length of pregnancy from last menstruation

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23
Q

Where does fertilisation of an egg occur?

A

Fallopian Tube

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24
Q

What is Nondisjunction?

A

Occurs when Chromosomes fail to separate properly

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25
Q

Name 2 ADVANTAGES of Sexual Reproduction

A
  • Genetic Diversity

- Equips population with ability to survive change

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26
Q

Name 2 DISADVANTAGES of Sexual Reproduction

A
  • Energy Requirements (must find and secure a mate)

- Elaborate Courtship

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27
Q

What does Gastrulation mean?

A

Organisation of inner cell mass into three primary germ layers.

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28
Q

What are the 3 primary germ layers?

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm
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29
Q

What are the Primary Germ layers made of?

A

Stem Cells

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30
Q

What are the 3 types of Stem Cells?

A

Totipotent, Pluripotent and Multipotent

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31
Q

What is a teratogen?

A

A factor which can cause a malformation in an embryo.

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32
Q

At which stage of the Interphase does DNA synthesis occur?

A

S stage of Interphase

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33
Q

What does undifferentiated mean?

A

Stem Cell has not yet turned into a specific cell

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34
Q

Embryonic Stem Cells are considered to be…

A

Totipotent

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35
Q

What cells can be produced from each primary germ layer?

A

Ectoderm- Skin Cell
Mesoderm- Blood Cell
Endoderm- Lung Cell

36
Q

What are the 3 main stages that occur during human prenatal development?

A

Zygote, Embryo & Foetus

37
Q

What are the 2 main components of the blastocyst?

A

Fluid and Outer Layer

38
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

A fluid filled structure with an inner cell mass surrounded by an outer layer of cells

39
Q

How long is the embryonic period?

A

Approx 9 weeks following fertilisation

40
Q

How long is the fetal period?

A

From 9 weeks until birth

41
Q

How do Stem Cells divide?

A

Mitosis

42
Q

What is a difference between a cancerous cell and a normal cell?

A

Cancerous cells do not respond to signals telling them to stop dividing

43
Q

What is a source of Embryonic Stem Cells?

A

From inner cell mass in blastocyst

44
Q

What is a mutagen?

A

An environmental factor that causes genetic mutations

45
Q

What is recombination (crossing over)

A

Process of generating new combinations of alleles (genetic variation)

46
Q

Where does recombination occur in Meiosis?

A

Prophase I

47
Q

What occurs in Cytokinesis?

A

Cytoplasm is equally divided between daughter cells

48
Q

What does genome mean?

A

The complete set of genetic material present within a haploid set of chromosomes

49
Q

What is a gene?

A

Specific segment of DNA on a chromosome, which code for different traits.

50
Q

What is an allele?

A

A different version of the same gene

51
Q

What are the 4 Nucleotide bases?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine

52
Q

How do the bases pair?

A

A pairs with T

C pairs with G

53
Q

Which scientist developed the concept of genes?

A

Gregor Mendel

54
Q

What is meant by the term dominant?

A

A trait which is expressed in a heterozygous pair

55
Q

What is meant by the term recessive?

A

A trait which is NOT expressed in a heterozygous pair

56
Q

What is a Karyotype?

A

Visual representation of chromosomes, sorted into homologous pairs from largest to smallest.

57
Q

What genetic difference does a person with Down Syndrome have?

A

3 chromosomes in the 21st group instead of 2

58
Q

What genetic difference does a person with Kinefelter Syndrome have?

A

3 sex chromosomes instead of 2

59
Q

What are the 3 types of Chromosomal changes?

A

Duplication, Deletion and Translocation

60
Q

What does phenotype mean?

A

Visual expression of an organisms genetic makeup

61
Q

What does genotype mean?

A

Genetic makeup which determines the phenotype

62
Q

What does autosome mean?

A

Any chromosome which isn’t a sex chromosome

63
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

Having 2 identical alleles

64
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

Having 2 different alleles

65
Q

What does locus mean?

A

Location of a gene on a chromosome

66
Q

What is a polygene?

A

Group of genes which express a phenotype only when all shown

67
Q

What is an example of a Polygenic Trait?

A

Height, Eye Colour, Skin Colour etc

68
Q

What does autosome mean?

A

22 pairs of chromosomes (not sex chromosomes)

69
Q

What does non-homologous pair mean?

A

Refers to a non-matching pair

70
Q

What is the Kinetochore?

A

Attachment point for spindle fibre (surrounds centromere)

71
Q

What is the Telomere?

A

Ends of chromosome, prevent chromosomes from sticking together

72
Q

What is co-dominance?

A

Heterozygous organism showing both alleles in phenotype

73
Q

What is dominant?

A

Refers to trait which IS expressed in heterozygous pair.

74
Q

What is recessive?

A

Refers to trait which IS NOT expressed in a heterozygous pair

75
Q

Name 2 benefits of The Human Genome Project:

A

Helps to understand Human Evolution

Can be used to develop treatments or diagnoses for genetic disorders

76
Q

What genetic difference does a person with Turner’s Syndrome have?

A

1 sex chromosome instead of 2 (XO)

77
Q

What is DNA?

A

Chain of nucleotides which contain the genetic instructions used to encode life

78
Q

What is Chargaff’s Rule?

A

Corresponding bases have equal proportions

eg. A and

79
Q

What is the difference between Ideogram and Karyotype?

A

Ideogram shows individual chromosomes, karyotypes shows homologous pairs

80
Q

What is the difference between an Autosome and a Sex Chromosome?

A

Autosomes control body characteristics and somatic cells, sex chromosomes determine the sex of individual

81
Q

What is the difference between Haploid and Diploid?

A

Haploid is number of chromosomes in gamete, diploid is number of chromosomes in somatic cell

82
Q

What is the difference between Centromere and Kinetochore?

A

Centromere is where sister chromatids join, Kinetochore is protein structure which forms spindle fibres

83
Q

What is the difference between Monosomy and Trisomy?

A

Monosomy is when 1 chromosome is present, Trisomy is when 3 chromosomes are present

84
Q

What is a homologous chromosome pair made of?

A

1 Paternal chromosome and 1 Maternal chromosome

85
Q

What is Epigenetics?

A

The alteration of the physical structure of DNA, which affect how genes are read

86
Q

What is continuous variation?

A

Variation which has no limit on the number of possibilities which can occur. Eg Height

87
Q

What is discontinuous variation?

A

When individuals can be grouped into categories based on limited outcomes. Eg Blood Type

Biology 1&2 (5 decks)

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