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Physiology 2 - Palmer > Unit 2 Exam > Flashcards

Unit 2 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Which cortiocospinal tract fibers form the ventral corticospinal tract?

A

Ipsilateral

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2
Q

Which corticospinal tracts form the lateral corticospinal tracts?

A

Contralateral

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3
Q

What percentage of corticospinal tract fibers originate from areas behind the central sulcus, including the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

40%

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4
Q

What percentage of fibers from the corticospinal tract originate in front of the central sulcus?

A

60%

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5
Q

Greater than 1/2 of the primary motor cortex is devoted to control of which areas?

A

Hands and speech

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6
Q

A stroke that lesions the posterior limb of the internal capsule would be associated with?

A

Loss of voluntary movement

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7
Q

A high brain stem lesion gives what clinical finding?

A

Spacticity

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8
Q

A mid brain lesion gives what clinical finding?

A

Rigidity

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9
Q

A low brain stem lesion gives what clinical finding?

A

Flaccidity

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10
Q

What brainstem area receives stimulation from the vestibular nuclei and transmits excitatory signals to stimulate the axial trunk and extensor muscles that support the body against gravity?

A

Pontine nuclei

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11
Q

What brainstem area receives stimulation from the vestibular nuclei and transmits inhibitory signals to allow muscles tones to be increased or decreased depending on need?

A

Medullary reticular nuclei

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12
Q

If descending cortical signals are blocked what is the expected result?

A

Increased extensor tone

Flexion reflexes suppressed; stretch reflexes are exaggerated

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13
Q

What is the function of a dynamic signal from pyramidal cells to alpha motor neurons?

A

Initiation of skeletal muscle contraction

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14
Q

What is the function of a static signal from pyramidal cells to alpha motor neurons?

A

Maintain muscle contraction after initiation has occurred

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15
Q

Explain neck rotation to the right as far as extensor and flexors are concerned.

A

Flexors are facilitated on the right, and extensor inhibited on the right

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16
Q

With clockwise rotation (to the right), what would you expect to happen in the VIII cranial nerve on the left side?

A

Decrease in firing rate

-stimulation of semicircular canals on side rotation is into (clockwise stimulates canals on that side)

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17
Q

After 20 clockwise (to the right) rotations with the eyes closed on a revolving stool, the subject is abruptly stopped, and the eyes are opened. What would be observed?

A

Lateral nystagmus with the slow component clockwise

Nystagmus occurs when the semicircular canals are being stimulated while the head is not in motion

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18
Q

When supine, head tilt is best detected by which of the following?

A

Saccule

-saccule deals with the vertical plane (important when one is LYING DOWN)

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19
Q

When upright, head tilt is best detected by which mechanisms?

A

Utricle

-utricle deals with the horizontal plane (important when one is UPRIGHT)

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20
Q

Signals from the neck propioception typically ______ signals from the vestibular apparatus as the head and neck are rotated and have similar effects on limb flexion and extension.

A

Oppose

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21
Q

In sway, contraction of muscles to maintain balance occurs in?

A

Distal to proximal sequence

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22
Q

What would happen to a reptitive simple stretch reflex, if when the muscle contracts it destabilizes posture?

A

It would be inhibited

23
Q

Which basal ganglia circuit plays a major role in cognitive control of motor activity?

A

Caudate circuit

24
Q

Which basal ganglia circuit plays a major role in subconscious execution of learned patterns of movement?

A

Putamen

25
Q

Ones sense of upright is a combination of what?

A

Visual and vestibular information

26
Q

Effects of Striatum on substancia negra

A

Inhibitory (GABA)

27
Q

Effects of substancia nigra on the striatum?

A

Stimulatory (DOPAMINE)

28
Q

Which area acts as a comparator ?

A

Inferior olivary nucleus

  • Comparing intention with performance
  • effects the cerebellum via climbing fibers
  • alter cerebellar activity -> alter decending corticalspinal traffic
29
Q

Purkinje fibers

A
  • Major inhibitory in the cerebellar cortex

- inhibit deep cerebellar nuclei

30
Q

Complex AP

A
  • climbing fiber input from inferior olicary nucleus

- 1:1 ratio of climbing fibers to purkinje fibers

31
Q

Simple AP

A
  • mossy fibers input via granule cells
  • 1 mossy fibers excites 100-1000 of purkinje fibers
  • found everywhere but inferior olivary nucleus
32
Q

Lesions to the globus pallidus?

A

Spontaneous and continuous writhing movements

33
Q

Lesion to subthalamus?

A

Hemiballismus = sudden violent flailing movements of the limbs

34
Q

Lesion to the substantia nigra?

A

Parkinson’s = rigidity, acinesia, resting tremors

35
Q

Lesion to the putamen?

A

Chorea = flicking movements in hands, face

36
Q

Cerebellar lesions are demonstrated on which side?

A

Ipsilateral

-(dysmetria, ataxia, past pointing, dysdiadochokinesia, dysarthria, international tremor, nystagmus)

37
Q

Longest pathway name

A

Corticopontocerebellarubrothalamocorticospinal

Impulses from motor cortex ->pontine -> purkinje cells -> dentate nucleus -> red N of midbrain ->thalamus ->motor cortex

38
Q

Superior peduncle

A

Ventral spinocerebellar

contains most efferent projections

39
Q

Middle peduncle

A

Pontocerebellar

40
Q

Inferior peduncle

A

Dorsal spinocerebellar

41
Q

Yohimbine

A

Increases Norepinephrine release

NE can regulate its own release release (negative feedback)

42
Q

SNS Preganglionic release?

A

Release Acetylcholine

43
Q

SNS Postganglionic release?

A

Release NE

  • NE binds to alpha or beta receptors which effect G protein
  • NE has equal affinity for Alpha and Beta receptors
  • E has a greater affinity for Beta
44
Q

PNS pregnaglionic release?

A

ACH

45
Q

PNS Postganglionic release?

A

ACH

-ACH binds to muscarinic receptor, which effect G protein

46
Q

Denervation supersensitivity

A

Sharp increase of sensitivity of post-synaptic membranes to a chemical transmitter after DENERVATION. It is a compensatory change

47
Q

SNS stimulation effects?

A

Vascular smooth muscle = constrict
Ducts = dilation
Blood vessels = constriction

48
Q

Inhibitory motor neurons form the myenteric plexus release what neurotransmitter?

A

Dynorphin & vaso active intestinal peptide

49
Q

Excitatory motor neurons form the myenteric plexus release what neurotransmitter?

A

ACH & Substance P

50
Q

What facilitates the release of NE?

A

ACH, E, Ang II, corticotropin, PACAP

51
Q

Inhibit release of NE?

A

GABA, adenosine, NPY, somatostatin, opioids, PGE, NO, dopamine

52
Q

Amount of pressure applied to a normal vertebrae eliciting a minimal response?

A

7Kg.

53
Q

Less than half of the primary motor cortex is devoted to?

A

Trunk and equilibrium

54
Q

How much pressure can be applied to an abnormal vertebrae eliciting a minimal response?

A

1-3 Kg

Physiology 2 - Palmer (2 decks)

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