Final Flashcards
Cortical layers
L 1 = Molecular layer L 2 = External Granular layer L 3 = External Pyramidal layer L 4 = Internal Granular layer L 5 = Internal Pyramidal layer L 6 = Multiform layer
Layer 1
Molecular layer
Mostly axons
Layer 2
External Granular layer
Granular (Stellate) cells
Layer 3
External pyramidal layer
Primary pyramidal cells
Layer 4
Internal granule layer
Main granular cell layer
Layer 5
Internal pyramidal layer
Dominated by giant pyramidal cells
Layer 6
Multiform layer
All types of cells (pyramidal, stellate, fusiform)
Pyramidal cells
Source of Corticospinal projections
Major efferent cell
Granule Cells
Short Axons (functions as interneurons -intra cortical processing)
Excitatory granule cells
Release 1st degree Glutamate
Inhibitory Granule cells
1st degree GABA
Fusiform cells
Least numerous of the 3 (pyramidal, granule, and fusiform)
Gives rise to output fibers form cortex
T/F
In the human cerebral cortex the largest percentage of cortical tissue produce movements when electrically stimulated?
False
T/F
In the human cerebral cortex a small percentage of cortical tissue produce movements when electrically stimulated?
True
Which cortical association area is associated with executive functions of behavior?
Prefrontal association area
Prefrontal association area
- Prolonged thought processes-elaboration of thought (prefrontal lobotomy)
- executive functions of behavior (working memory)
- processing of emotion (ventral medial frontal area
- Broca’s area (formation of words
- Orbital frontal cortex
- Cells of hyperactive of OCD
- cells fire strongly when expectation not met
- functions as an error detector-alerting you that something is amiss
Limbic Association area
Behavior
Emotions
Motivation
Parieto-occipitotemporal association area
- Analysis of spatial coordinates of body (neglect syndrome)
- area of language comprehension (reading)
- Wernickes = general ingterpretative area (auditory, visual somatic all feed into this area)
- angular gyrus = behind wernickes (higher order visual signal processing)
- area for naming objects
- area for recognition
Norepinephrine projections to widespread cortical areas, originate from which area?
Locus ceruleus
Neurohormonal control
Norepinephrine system = locus ceruleus (most widespread - generally stimulatory)
Dopamine system (substancia nigra, accurate, VTA)
Can +/- = neuroendocrine control (behavior)
Serotonin system
Usually inhibitory, induction of sleep, pain control, and mood
Acetylcholine system (gigantocellular)
Usually excitatory = part of reticular excitatory
Most incoming sensory signals terminate in what cortical layer?
Layer 4
Cortical output layers
5 and 6
Spinal cord tracts originate in 5
Thalamic connections from layer 6
Incoming cortical layer
Layer 4
Intracortical association
1, 2, 3
Large number of neurons in 2 & 3 short horizontal connections with adjacent cortical areas
The major efferent output from cortex to the spinal cord originate from which cells?
Pyramidal cells
T/F
Cortical herirnos that fire, when we observe somebody doing something hat helps us relate to what they are doing and perhaps is important in our acquiring those motor skills describes which neurons?
Mirror neurons
Mirror neurons
Cortical neurons that fire, when we observe somebody doing something that helps us relate to what they are doing.
-Formed from ventral promotor cortex and rostral part of the inferior parietal lobule (empathy)
What pathway is important in emotional response transfer between anterior portions of right and left temporal lobes?
Anterior commissure
Anterior commissure
Bidirectional communication btwn antihero portions of the temporal lobe
(Amygdala-emotional response transfer)
Corpus callosum
Bidirectional communication btwn most of the two cortical hemispheres except for anterior portions of the temporal lobe
-allows one hemisphere to inhibit the other
What is the function of cells in the orbital frontal cortex?
Function as an error detector, fire when expectation are not met
Orbital frontal cortex
- Cells hyperactive in OCD (cells fire strongly when expectation are not met)
- function as an error detector-alerting you that something is amiss
Most left handed individuals have the following cortical dominance?
LEFT
Dominant hemispheres
Left handed or mixed handed
-Left 70% + Right 15% + Both 15%
Right handed
-Left 96% + Right 4% + Both 0%
In individuals that have their corpus callosum (split brain) cut, the let hemisphere tends to match objects based on which of the following criteria?
Function
Split brain subjects
- Prevents information transfer from one cortex to the other
- left hemisphere - matches based on FUNCTION
- Right Hemisphere - matches based on APPEARANCE
In individuals that have their corpus callosum (split brain) cut, the right hemisphere tends to match objects based on what of the following criteria?
Appearance
After identification of a face, Projections from the fusiform gyrus to which area allow us to gage the emotional significance, if any, of what has been identified?
Amygdala
After phineas gage recovered what was his recovery?
Made a full physical recovery, but personality was altered
What is not associtated with prefrontal lobotomy
Increased level of aggression
Normally what allows the bulk of information transfer between cerebral hemisphere
Corpus callosum
In most people the right cortex si actually dominate for which of the follow functions?
Non verbal visual experiences
Dominant (left) side
- Language based intellectual functions
- interpretative spoken written words
- analytical functions (math)
- Speech
Non-dominant (usually right)
- Music
- non-verbal visual experiences (body language)
- spatial relations
Ventromedial frontal area
Hypothesis that emotion and its underlying neural machinery participate in decision making within the social domain
- subcortical nuclei like the amygdala and hypothalamus
- involved with basic biological regulations, emotional processing, social cognition and behavior
The size of a cortical body correlates best with?
The length of its axon
Every cubic inch of cerebral cortex has about how many miles of nerve fibers in it?
10,000
What area is most important in declarative/ reflective/ episodic memory función?
Hippocampus
Hippocampal formation
Plays an important role in declarative memory
- episodic-daily episodes of life
-semantic-factual information
Functions as a cortical gutter (sensory info is increasingly analyzed and refined as it passes from neruronal level to level)
Which area is important in reflexive learning (non declarative) or memory IE physical skills repeated?
Cerebellum
Cerebellum
Reflexive/ implicit/ skill memory
-unconscious- associated with motor activities
The hippocampus receives its primary input from the entorhinal cortex via which 2 pathways?
Alveolar and perforant pathways
Which of the following areas promotes more flexible association with memory function?
Hippocampus
In memory the links between individual neurons, which bind them into a single memory are formed through which process?
Long term potentiation
Long term potentiation
- Memories are caused by groups fo neurons that fire together in the same pattern each time they are activated.
- links btwn individual neurons, which bind them into a single memory, are formed though these neurons
What maintains long term potentiation in hippocampal neurons and is though to be important in consolidation of memory?
Protein kinase M zeta
Protein kinase M zeta
- Maintains long term potentiation in hippocampal consolidation
- when blocked long term memory function is blocked
What blocks long term memory
Zeta inhibitory peptide (ZIP) blocks PKM zeta
Innervated cells release what substance that promote proper innervation of those cells?
Nerve growth factors
What area controls the overall level of cortical activity, is excitatory, and a lesion here will likely result in a coma?
Reticular formation of the pons
Reticular excitatory area
General area/system for control of the overall level of excitation of the brain (in reticular formation of pons and midbrain)
Following his hippocampal removal, what memory function is still intact?
Reflexive memory
Which of the following neurotransmitters is not associated with wakefulness?
Serotonin
Wakefulness
promoted by pontomesencephalic cells located in the locus ceruleus and dorsolateral pontine tegmentum
-dopaminergic cells/ noradrenergic cells
Strong stimulation in the central gray surrounding the aqueduct of Sylvia’s is associated with of the following?
Unpleasant feeling
Punishment centers
Central gray around the aqueduct of Sylvia’s in mesencephalon extending into periventricular zones of hypothalamus and thalamus
Matching the nuclei with its neurotransmitter
Ventral tegmental area = dopamine
Magnocellular nucleus = acetylcholine
Locus ceruleus = norepinephrine
What area exerts control over both SNS, parasympathetic nervous system as well as the pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Major output pathway and one of the central elements form the limbic system
FXN = behavioral control vegetative state (ANS) - body temp, osmolality, motivation drives
Stimulation of what area will cause an animal to stop the undesired behavior?
Central gray around the aqueduct of Sylvius
