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Physiology 2 - Palmer > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Cortical layers

A 
L 1 = Molecular layer
L 2 = External Granular layer
L 3 = External Pyramidal layer
L 4 = Internal Granular layer
L 5 = Internal Pyramidal layer
L 6 = Multiform layer
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2
Q

Layer 1

A

Molecular layer

Mostly axons

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3
Q

Layer 2

A

External Granular layer

Granular (Stellate) cells

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4
Q

Layer 3

A

External pyramidal layer

Primary pyramidal cells

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5
Q

Layer 4

A

Internal granule layer

Main granular cell layer

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6
Q

Layer 5

A

Internal pyramidal layer

Dominated by giant pyramidal cells

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7
Q

Layer 6

A

Multiform layer

All types of cells (pyramidal, stellate, fusiform)

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8
Q

Pyramidal cells

A

Source of Corticospinal projections

Major efferent cell

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9
Q

Granule Cells

A

Short Axons (functions as interneurons -intra cortical processing)

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10
Q

Excitatory granule cells

A

Release 1st degree Glutamate

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11
Q

Inhibitory Granule cells

A

1st degree GABA

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12
Q

Fusiform cells

A

Least numerous of the 3 (pyramidal, granule, and fusiform)

Gives rise to output fibers form cortex

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13
Q

T/F

In the human cerebral cortex the largest percentage of cortical tissue produce movements when electrically stimulated?

A

False

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14
Q

T/F

In the human cerebral cortex a small percentage of cortical tissue produce movements when electrically stimulated?

A

True

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15
Q

Which cortical association area is associated with executive functions of behavior?

A

Prefrontal association area

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16
Q

Prefrontal association area

A
  • Prolonged thought processes-elaboration of thought (prefrontal lobotomy)
  • executive functions of behavior (working memory)
  • processing of emotion (ventral medial frontal area
  • Broca’s area (formation of words
  • Orbital frontal cortex
    - Cells of hyperactive of OCD
    - cells fire strongly when expectation not met
    - functions as an error detector-alerting you that something is amiss
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17
Q

Limbic Association area

A

Behavior
Emotions
Motivation

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18
Q

Parieto-occipitotemporal association area

A
  • Analysis of spatial coordinates of body (neglect syndrome)
  • area of language comprehension (reading)
    • Wernickes = general ingterpretative area (auditory, visual somatic all feed into this area)
    • angular gyrus = behind wernickes (higher order visual signal processing)
  • area for naming objects
  • area for recognition
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19
Q

Norepinephrine projections to widespread cortical areas, originate from which area?

A

Locus ceruleus

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20
Q

Neurohormonal control

A

Norepinephrine system = locus ceruleus (most widespread - generally stimulatory)

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21
Q

Dopamine system (substancia nigra, accurate, VTA)

A

Can +/- = neuroendocrine control (behavior)

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22
Q

Serotonin system

A

Usually inhibitory, induction of sleep, pain control, and mood

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23
Q

Acetylcholine system (gigantocellular)

A

Usually excitatory = part of reticular excitatory

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24
Q

Most incoming sensory signals terminate in what cortical layer?

A

Layer 4

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25
Q

Cortical output layers

A

5 and 6
Spinal cord tracts originate in 5
Thalamic connections from layer 6

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26
Q

Incoming cortical layer

A

Layer 4

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27
Q

Intracortical association

A

1, 2, 3

Large number of neurons in 2 & 3 short horizontal connections with adjacent cortical areas

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28
Q

The major efferent output from cortex to the spinal cord originate from which cells?

A

Pyramidal cells

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29
Q

T/F
Cortical herirnos that fire, when we observe somebody doing something hat helps us relate to what they are doing and perhaps is important in our acquiring those motor skills describes which neurons?

A

Mirror neurons

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30
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Cortical neurons that fire, when we observe somebody doing something that helps us relate to what they are doing.
-Formed from ventral promotor cortex and rostral part of the inferior parietal lobule (empathy)

31
Q

What pathway is important in emotional response transfer between anterior portions of right and left temporal lobes?

A

Anterior commissure

32
Q

Anterior commissure

A

Bidirectional communication btwn antihero portions of the temporal lobe
(Amygdala-emotional response transfer)

33
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Bidirectional communication btwn most of the two cortical hemispheres except for anterior portions of the temporal lobe
-allows one hemisphere to inhibit the other

34
Q

What is the function of cells in the orbital frontal cortex?

A

Function as an error detector, fire when expectation are not met

35
Q

Orbital frontal cortex

A
  • Cells hyperactive in OCD (cells fire strongly when expectation are not met)
  • function as an error detector-alerting you that something is amiss
36
Q

Most left handed individuals have the following cortical dominance?

A

LEFT

37
Q

Dominant hemispheres

A

Left handed or mixed handed
-Left 70% + Right 15% + Both 15%
Right handed
-Left 96% + Right 4% + Both 0%

38
Q

In individuals that have their corpus callosum (split brain) cut, the let hemisphere tends to match objects based on which of the following criteria?

A

Function

39
Q

Split brain subjects

A
  • Prevents information transfer from one cortex to the other
  • left hemisphere - matches based on FUNCTION
  • Right Hemisphere - matches based on APPEARANCE
40
Q

In individuals that have their corpus callosum (split brain) cut, the right hemisphere tends to match objects based on what of the following criteria?

A

Appearance

41
Q

After identification of a face, Projections from the fusiform gyrus to which area allow us to gage the emotional significance, if any, of what has been identified?

A

Amygdala

42
Q

After phineas gage recovered what was his recovery?

A

Made a full physical recovery, but personality was altered

43
Q

What is not associtated with prefrontal lobotomy

A

Increased level of aggression

44
Q

Normally what allows the bulk of information transfer between cerebral hemisphere

A

Corpus callosum

45
Q

In most people the right cortex si actually dominate for which of the follow functions?

A

Non verbal visual experiences

46
Q

Dominant (left) side

A
  • Language based intellectual functions
  • interpretative spoken written words
  • analytical functions (math)
  • Speech
47
Q

Non-dominant (usually right)

A
  • Music
  • non-verbal visual experiences (body language)
  • spatial relations
48
Q

Ventromedial frontal area

A

Hypothesis that emotion and its underlying neural machinery participate in decision making within the social domain

  • subcortical nuclei like the amygdala and hypothalamus
    • involved with basic biological regulations, emotional processing, social cognition and behavior
49
Q

The size of a cortical body correlates best with?

A

The length of its axon

50
Q

Every cubic inch of cerebral cortex has about how many miles of nerve fibers in it?

A

10,000

51
Q

What area is most important in declarative/ reflective/ episodic memory función?

A

Hippocampus

52
Q

Hippocampal formation

A

Plays an important role in declarative memory
- episodic-daily episodes of life
-semantic-factual information
Functions as a cortical gutter (sensory info is increasingly analyzed and refined as it passes from neruronal level to level)

53
Q

Which area is important in reflexive learning (non declarative) or memory IE physical skills repeated?

A

Cerebellum

54
Q

Cerebellum

A

Reflexive/ implicit/ skill memory

-unconscious- associated with motor activities

55
Q

The hippocampus receives its primary input from the entorhinal cortex via which 2 pathways?

A

Alveolar and perforant pathways

56
Q

Which of the following areas promotes more flexible association with memory function?

A

Hippocampus

57
Q

In memory the links between individual neurons, which bind them into a single memory are formed through which process?

A

Long term potentiation

58
Q

Long term potentiation

A
  • Memories are caused by groups fo neurons that fire together in the same pattern each time they are activated.
  • links btwn individual neurons, which bind them into a single memory, are formed though these neurons
59
Q

What maintains long term potentiation in hippocampal neurons and is though to be important in consolidation of memory?

A

Protein kinase M zeta

60
Q

Protein kinase M zeta

A
  • Maintains long term potentiation in hippocampal consolidation
  • when blocked long term memory function is blocked
61
Q

What blocks long term memory

A

Zeta inhibitory peptide (ZIP) blocks PKM zeta

62
Q

Innervated cells release what substance that promote proper innervation of those cells?

A

Nerve growth factors

63
Q

What area controls the overall level of cortical activity, is excitatory, and a lesion here will likely result in a coma?

A

Reticular formation of the pons

64
Q

Reticular excitatory area

A

General area/system for control of the overall level of excitation of the brain (in reticular formation of pons and midbrain)

65
Q

Following his hippocampal removal, what memory function is still intact?

A

Reflexive memory

66
Q

Which of the following neurotransmitters is not associated with wakefulness?

A

Serotonin

67
Q

Wakefulness

A

promoted by pontomesencephalic cells located in the locus ceruleus and dorsolateral pontine tegmentum
-dopaminergic cells/ noradrenergic cells

68
Q

Strong stimulation in the central gray surrounding the aqueduct of Sylvia’s is associated with of the following?

A

Unpleasant feeling

69
Q

Punishment centers

A

Central gray around the aqueduct of Sylvia’s in mesencephalon extending into periventricular zones of hypothalamus and thalamus

70
Q

Matching the nuclei with its neurotransmitter

A

Ventral tegmental area = dopamine
Magnocellular nucleus = acetylcholine
Locus ceruleus = norepinephrine

71
Q

What area exerts control over both SNS, parasympathetic nervous system as well as the pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus

72
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Major output pathway and one of the central elements form the limbic system
FXN = behavioral control vegetative state (ANS) - body temp, osmolality, motivation drives

73
Q

Stimulation of what area will cause an animal to stop the undesired behavior?

A

Central gray around the aqueduct of Sylvius

Physiology 2 - Palmer (2 decks)

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