Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

414 > Unit 2 exam > Flashcards

Unit 2 exam Flashcards

1
Q

Health

A

-a state of complete well being
-includes physical, mental, social
-not mearly an absense of disease/infirmity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Disease

A

-objective phenpmenon/professional construct
-characterized by altered or abnormal functioning of the body
-pathologic change in the structure or function of the body or mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Illness

A

-subjective/lay construct
-physical and social state
-response of the person to a disease
-abnormal process in which the person’s level of functioning is changed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sickness/sick role

A

-excused from social/normal role responsibilities
-rights: not responsible for the condition, inable to meet obligations
-result of disease/illness
-seeks advice/permission from scientific source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

cultural and contextual factors influencing health and illness

A

-social: lifestyle drugs, big Pharma advertising
-economics: health insurance
-culture: low blood pressure
-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explanatory mode

A
  • perspective and belief about their illness and treatment
    -helps understand patient’s perspective
    -ask what, why, how, who questions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Western medical model/biomedical

A

-mechanistic
-prone to malfunction
“tune up”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Suchman’s medul of illness phases

A

-symptom experiance
-assumption of the sick role
-medical care contact
-dependent patient
-recovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Common sense medel of illness

A

-identity
-cause
-timeline
-consequences
-cure/control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Activity and passivity: Szasz and Hollenders Model of care

A

-No interpersonal communication
-Patient listens to provider
-Like in emergency situation or parent/infant relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

guidance -cooperation: Szasz and Hollenders Model of care

A

-Patient is capable of interpersonal communication
-Still independent on professional
-Like parent/adolescent relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mutual participation: Szasz and Hollenders Model of care

A

-Both patient and provider are powerful and independent
-Adult to adult relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The consumer model of Care

A

-Great patient autonomy
-Emphasize patient right
-Patient is an informed and skeptical of care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The patient centered model

A

-Focus on the whole person vs just the body
-Open ended questions
-Patient’s feedback
-Patients have greater satisfaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Biopsychosocial Model

A

-A shift in western medicine
-Biomedical medel era
-nfectious disease was major killer
-Biopsychosocial model:
Chronic diseases is major killer, Considers poverty, where you live, pollution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the pharmacists’ role in patient treatment decisions

A

-use of self care
-Lay people believe some problems are ‘doctorable’
-help seeking behavior
-OTC meds
-Persription meds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

pasive acceptors

A

take med with no questions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

active acceptors

A

-evaluates medication to address concerns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

acrive modifiers

A

modify their regimen (drink alcohol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

rejectors

A

don’t take medication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Health disparities

A

a difference in the health achievements of individuals and groups
-just a difference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Health inequity

A

-differences in health that are unnecessary and avoidable, consider unfair and unjust
-affected by social, economic, and enviormental conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Health equity

A

highest level of health for all people. Full and equal access to opportunities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe who is most at risk for health disparities

A

-most prominant with racial and ethnic disparities
-Also includes
Geography
Income
Education
Health literacy
English proficiency
Gender
Disability
Sexual orientation/gender identity
occupation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Major causes of health inequities in the US

A

-social determinants: education, income, employment
-enviormental hazards
-healthcare access and preventative health services
-root cause is structural rasicism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Major areas of health inequities in the US

A

-health outcomes: complications
-mortality: death rates
-morbitity: potentially preventable hospitilizations
-behavioral risk factors: opiod abuse, adolesant pregnancy and childbirth, cigarette smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Evidence of health inequalities

A

-life expectancy at birth by race and gender
-life expectancy at birth by location
-suicide rates
-life expectancy declined
obesity by area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Specific Areas of Inequity Relevant to
Pharmacists

A

-vaccine coverage: ower influenza vaccination coverage observed for non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics
-Illicit and prescription drug-related deaths: highest in Black and Hispanics
-cardio disease: black women
-obesity: lower in whites than black and hispanic adults
-Asthma: higher in children and women
-pregnancy
-cigarette smoking: indigenious and poor populations
-Diabetes: education and age and location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

healthcare disparities

A

Differences in quality of care received by racial and ethnic minority group and non-hispancic whites who have equal access to care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

causes of healthcare disparities

A
  • Not one simple cause
    -How healthcare systems are organized: Policies and practices
    -Professional interpretation/translation
    -Provider’s bias, prejudices, and uncertainty when treating patients
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

sources of healthcare disparities

A

-Healthcare system: Cultural or linguistic barriers, Fragmentation of healthcare systems, Types of incentives to contain costs, Where marginalized populations tend to receive care
-Clinical encounter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Describe several pieces of evidence of disparities in healthcare

A

-How physicians interact with minorities
-English proficiency and physician language
-What influences black americans beliefs about diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Barriers to accessible and quality healthcare

A

-income
-education
-availibility of health insurance
-limited english proficiency
-availibility of a usual source of care
-race and ethnicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Quality Priority Areas

A
  • Patient Safety
  • Person-Centered Care
  • Care Coordination
  • Effective Treatment
  • Healthy Living
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Proposed solutions to solving healthcare
disparities

A

-diversity in the workplace
-reducing bias
-upstream intervensions
-collaboration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Evolution of healthcare disparities

A

Existence of disparities → Reasons→ Solutions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Determinants of health

A

-Personal, social, economic, environmental, and biological factors which
determine the health status of individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Social determinants of health

A

conditions in which we are born, grow, live,
learn, worship, and work that contributes to health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What factors make the biggest contributions toward health

A

Social and economic factors such as employment and social support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

components of the SDOH framework

A

behaviors,
biological factors, social support, socioeconomic factors, education, health
system etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

HiAP

A

-ocuses on SDOH and strengthens the capacity of the
community can eliminate inequities/advance equity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Pharmacists can address SDOH

A

-risk factor SDOH
assessments, provision of innovative social need services, working with
community health workers/patient navigators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

WHat reduces interview effectivness

A

-double/multiple questions
loaded
-leading
-double negative question

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Describe the stages of interviewing patients

A

-opening
-exploration
-closure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Identify strategies to establish rapport with a patient

A

-responsive to patients
-active and passive paticipation
-appropriation cues
-show respect for patient’s experiance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Describe assessing patient’s unvoiced agendas and their
implications

A

Solicit a patient’s agenda by first understanding their concerns and
priorities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Identify the Indian Health Service 3 ‘prime’ questions for initial
prescriptions

A

-purpose
-direction
-expectation

48
Q

How do we verify patient’s understanding?

A

-teach back method

49
Q

Describe how to deal with angry patients and the different
strategies that can used in communication with them.

A

-match rhythm of patient and stay positive
-consider why the patient is frusturated
-keep the patient updated and offfer options

50
Q

Discuss the patient care process
and the significance of refill counseling by pharmacists

A

-collecct information
-assess information
-develop care plans
-implement care plans
-follow up evaluation

51
Q

Identify refill counseling techniques and framework.

A

-OEC model
-conversation starter
-show and tell

52
Q

Discuss basic principles of the RIM technique and
assessing patients’ medication adherence using this
technique.

A

-RIM: recognse nonadhearence, identify the causes, manage/monitor the cause

53
Q

Identify techniques to improve patient’s self efficacy for
taking medications.

A

-Model the appropriate healthy behavior,
-allow for
one successful experience,
-use social persuasion
Improving patient self-
efficacy

54
Q

medication partnerships

A

Relationship between the pharmacist and the patient
-pharmacist: drug knowledge
-patient: personal experiance

55
Q

WHat is the OEC model?

A

-refill counseling framework
-Opening
-exploration
-closing

56
Q

Health literacy

A

a lens through which we should view all healthcare
communications. It is a health equity effort

57
Q

individuals at risk for limited health literacy

A

-immigrants
-minoritized populations
-older adults
low income
-mental conditions
-but anyone could be at risk

58
Q

standardized ways to assess health literacy

A

-REALM
-NVS
-single item

59
Q

Non-intrusive ways of assessing health literacy

A

-confusing look/stare
-use color to identify the medicine
fills out form incompletly
-overall is confused/not engadged

60
Q

Health literacy practices

A

-teach back
-emphasize and summarize
-advance organizes
-active voice
-pictures

61
Q

tools for those with limited English proficiency

A

-medical interpreters
-pictographs
-color codes

62
Q

Personal health literacy

A

degree to which individuals can find,
understand, and use information and services to inform health-
related decisions and actions for themselves and others.

63
Q

Organizational health literacy

A

degree to which organizations
equitably enable individuals to find, understand, and use
information and services to inform health-related decisions and
actions for themselves and others

64
Q

Health Literacy and Healthy
People 2030

A

-Encourages efforts to address the skills that help people
move from understanding to action and from a focus on
their own health to a focus on the health of their
communities
-more organizational responsibility

65
Q

REALM

A

-rapid estimate of adult literacy in medicine
-list of words and you see how many the indivudual can read/understand

66
Q

NVS

A

-literacy and numeray using nutrition label
-testing ability to read a nutrition label

67
Q

single item screener

A

-How often do you need to have someone help
you when you read instructions, pamphlets, or
other written material from your doctor or
pharmacy?“
-limited reading availibility

68
Q

AAE

A

-assess
-adapt
-evaluate

69
Q

Social determinant of health(SDOH)

A

significant “upstream” influences on patent
health status
-driven by value based care

70
Q

6 categories of social determinants of health

A

-economic stability
-physical enviorment
-education
-Food
-social context
-healthcare system

71
Q

Current Approaches to Address
SDOH Issues in Health Care

A

-screening at doctors and by amulatory pharmacists
-mine utilization and payment data

72
Q

Limitations With Current Approaches of SDOH

A

-time constraints
-lack of trainig
-discomfort with question

73
Q

Why we need community pharmacist to help wit SDOH

A

-training
-patient access
-trusted relationship
medication services vs dispensing
-appoitment based models

74
Q

SDOH care plan

A

-identify
-screen
-develope care plan
-implement plan
-follow up

75
Q

Community-based Organizations

A

-An association of people living in the same
geographic location
-work together to solve problems

76
Q

Health Care Activities of CBOs

A

-service coordination
-informal counseling
-health education
-community advocate
-care managment

77
Q

predict medication adhearence

A

-patient: side efeects, beleifs, pay, transportation…
-provider
-system level factors: can’t do anything about

78
Q

consequences of medication adhearence

A

-financial
-hospital admissions
-treatment failures
-patient deaths

79
Q

how can pharmacist help improve medication adhearence?

A

-pharmacist led education
-behavioral
-communication
-administrative support
-behavioral-economic innterventions

80
Q

True or false: Interventions that focus on reinforcement, rewards, social support can
influence behavior change in patients

A

true

81
Q

medication adhearence

A

Extent to which a patient acts in accordance with the prescribed interval and
dose of a medication dosing regimen

82
Q

direct methods of measuring adhearence

A

-biologic measure: blood, uring
-swallow sensors

83
Q

indirect methods

A

-assumes consumption by patient
-self report
-pill counts
-perscription refill records
-insurance records
-electronic monitoring device

84
Q

challenges in changing adhearence

A

-new illness diagnosis
-adhearence is multifactorial

85
Q

Culture and the dimensions of culture

A

hared values, ideas (attitudes, beliefs, values and norms),
understandings, symbols, religion, language, material products, and
practices of a group of people

86
Q

Rationale for why pharmacists should incorporate culture in health
care

A

Disparities, Diversity of US population and providers

87
Q

Cultural considerations that may impact patient interactions

A

Influence’s patient-provider relationships, beliefs about medication
use, perception of pain, acceptance of treatment plan

88
Q

Iceberg’s Model of Multicultural Influences on Communication

A

Some of a person’s cultural influences may be readily apparent. However,
others are hidden and may not be recognized in initial interactions.

89
Q

ideas

A

-Ways of thinking that organize human consciousness
-scientific ideas, values, folklore

90
Q

Norms

A

-derived from values
-accepted ways of doing or carrying out ideas
-specific rules of behavior

91
Q

cultural considerations

A

-patient-provider relationship
-presentation of symptoms
-medication use

92
Q

cultural humility

A

-Attitude, and interpersonal skills
* Reflect on one’s identity
* Respect, regard, reflection
* Interpersonal sensitivity/openness

93
Q

Competency
Pitfalls

A

-Avoid stereotyping/generalization
* Cultural issues or multifactorial?
* Be careful of highlighting differences

94
Q

Strategies for providing care

A

-Suspend judgments
* Assess (use Kleinman/4C’s), Adapt
(use LEARN model), Evaluate (Teach
back, agreement)

95
Q

Cultural competence

A

the ability to interact
effectively with people of different cultures—
more of a learned/taught condition

96
Q

A Pharmacist with Cultural Humility-
Person

A

-reflects on their own identity
-practices self reflection
acknowledges biases

97
Q

A Pharmacist with Cultural Humility-
Others

A

-De-emphasizes cultural knowledge and compentcy
-lifelong nuturing
-interpersonal sensitivity and openess
-appreciation and awarness of intracultural variation

98
Q

Outcomes of Cultural Humility

A

-immproved communiation
-increased trust
-higher levels of health status
-increased functioning of health systems
-improved satisfaction

99
Q

aspects of cultural humility

A

-identifying the needs/behaviors
-implement services
interventions driven by patient perspectives

100
Q

4 C’s of culture

A

-what do you CALL the problem
-Caused the problem?
-COPE with the problem
-Concerns about the treatment?

101
Q

LEARN model

A

-listen
-explain the problem and advice
-Acknoledge concerns
-reccomend treatment
-Negotiate

102
Q

How to children form opinions on medications

A

Children form beliefs and attitudes about medications based on the many different ways they are exposed to
medications at home and in public

103
Q

counseling adolesants

A

challenges in privacy, addressing sensitive topics, and recognizing
cognitive features of development present in this population

104
Q

Sensorimotor

A

-0-2
-learn through enviorment

105
Q

Preoperational

A

-2-7
-difficult understanding cause and effect
-magical thinkers
-yes sayer
-says what you want

106
Q

Concrete operational

A

-7-11
-logical thinking
-understand cause/efect
-seek logical explanations

107
Q

Formal operational

A

12+
-logical and abstract thoght

108
Q

invinsibility fable

A

when kids think they can’t be harmed

109
Q

personal fable

A

-beleives life and feelings are unique

110
Q

Imaginary audience

A

everyone is critical of them

111
Q

pharmacist role in caring for older adults

A

-promote adhearence
-prevent adverse drug events
-MTM
-chronic disease management
-collect and complete med lists

112
Q

Describe factors that contribute to worse outcomes for patients with disabilities

A

-physical enviorment
-stigma
-lack of healthcare training
-communication

113
Q

Explain best practices for counseling patients with different types of hearing
impairment

A

Best practices for counseling patients with hearing disability are based on leveraging any ability to hear
sound, supporting lip-reading for those who use this method, and facilitating translation with a sign
language interpreter

114
Q

Explain how visual impairment can affect medication safety

A

The patient’s vision helps avoid medication errors through recognition of physical differences in
medications and measuring tools, reading labels, and reading written information about drugs

115
Q

Describe strategies that pharmacists can use to improve communication with
patients with visual impairment

A

-assess needs and understanding
-home helpers
-adhearence packaging
-provide written information in an available format

116
Q

Describe methods that pharmacies can use to ensure prescription labels are
accessible to patients with visual impairment

A

-braile
-large print
-audio devices

117
Q

Identify steps that be taken to care for LGBT
patients

A

-expand knowledge
-know definitions
welcoming enviorment
-inclusive and gender neutral questions
-convey respect

414 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions