Unit 2 Exam Flashcards
Erikson’s three stages of development
intimacy versus isolation– forming and maintaining committed relationships
generativity versus stagnation– focusing on improvements for future generations
integrity versus despair– feeling satisfied with life… come to the reality of death
kolbergs three stages of moral development
preconventional– solve dilemma based on self interest and event outcomes
conventional– responses conform to law and order/ or focus on others approval or disapproval
postconventional– highest level… people center responses on value of all life and complex principles
examples of development occurring during adolescence (physical, cognitive, socio-emotional)
physical– puberty
cognitive– moral reasoning increases
socio-emotional– trying to discover ones own identity
examples of development occurring during early adulthood (physical, cognitive, socio-emotional)
physical– peak fitness
cognitive– adults have to navigate life without a parental figure (more freedom)
socio-emotional– finding their sense of identity… deciding what to do for the rest of their life (career)
examples of development occurring during old age/late adulthood (physical, cognitive, socio-emotional)
physical– decline in muscle mass, hearing
cognitive– difficulty with memory tasks
socio-emotional– more concerned with their quality of life and their legacy… caring more for others than themselves
sensation
the sense organs detection of physical stimuli from the world around you and the sending of information about these stimuli to your brain
transduction
the sensory receptors change the stimulus input to neural signals the brain can understand
perception
the processing, organization and interpretation of sensory information in the brain
thalamus role in sensation and perception
neural signals are sent to the thalamus, allowing the brain to process the action potentials as something you can interpret and react accordingly
not with sense of smell!
primary physical stimulus of the five senses
vision– light waves
audition– sound waves
gustation (taste)– chemical molecules combine with saliva on the tongue
olfaction (smell)– odorants pass into the nose and nasal cavity
tactile (touch)– cold or hot tactile stimulation
location of sensation in five senses
vision– rods and cones
audition– pressure waves in the cochlea
gustation– taste receptors (in taste buds)
olfaction– olfactory receptors
tactile– warm, cold, and pressure receptors
location of transduction in five senses
vision– ganglion cells
audition– auditory nerve
gustation–facial nerve
olfaction– olfactory nerve
tactile– cranial and spinal nerves
location of perception in five senses
vision– primary visual cortex
auditory– primary auditory cortex
gustation– primary gustatory cortex
olfaction– primary olfactory cortex
tactile– primary somatosensory cortex
what is learning and how does it differ from experience?
a change in behavior resulting from experience
learning is as a result of some form of new experience of new information, whereas performance is from known info/experience
operant conditioning
a learning process in which an actions consequences determine how likely an action is to be performed in the future
reinforcer
something associated as a reward in response to a stimulus
punishment
an addition or removal of a stimulus that decreases the probability of the behavior being repeated
shaping
reinforcing behaviors that are similar to the desired behavior
chaining
individual steps (tasks) must be completed in order to reach another task… sequential reinforcement
primary reinforcers
things you need to live (food, water, social support)
secondary reinforcers
rewards that are not necessarily supporting ability to live but help to reinforce good behavior (money, treat, good grade)
what does positive mean in terms of positive reinforcement and punishment?
positive means to add a stimulus
reinforcement– increase behavior by adding stimulus… treat
punishment– decreases the behavior by adding a stimulus… speeding ticket
what does negative mean in terms of negative reinforcement and punishment?
negative means to remove a stimulus
reinforcement– remove stimulus to increase behavior… stop shocking a dog
punishment– remove stimulus to decrease behavior… take away driving priveledges
sensory… function, duration, capacity
function– lets perception appear to be unified wholes
duration– up to 1 second
capacity– vast (lots of sensory input)
short-term storage… function, duration, capacity
function– maintains information for immediate use
duration– about 20 seconds… indefinite because working memory can manipulate items
capactiy– about 7 items, plus or minus 2 (increase capacity by using working memory)
long-term storage… function, duration, capacity
function– stores information for access and use at a later time
duration– probably unlimited
capacity– probably unlimited
encoding
processing information so it can be stored
