Unit 2(e) - Fragances And Skincare

Question 1

What are essential oils?

Answer 1

Concentrated extracts of the volatile aroma compounds from plants

Question 2

What are some properties of essential oils?

Answer 2

Mixtures of organic compounds

Non-water soluble

Question 3

Where are essential oils used?

Answer 3

Perfumes, cosmetic products, flavourings, cleaning products

Question 4

Where are essential oils derived from?

Answer 4

Any part of the raw plant material

Question 5

What is the formula of isoprene?

Answer 5

C5H8, or 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene

Question 6

What is isoprene?

Answer 6

Base unit of terpenes

Question 7

What are terpenes?

Answer 7

Terpenes are key components in most essential oils
Give fruit and floral flavours and aromas
Unsaturated compounds formed from isoprene units

Question 8

What two types of terpenes can be formed from isoprene?

Answer 8

Linear terpenes

Cyclic terpenes

Question 9

Are terpenes soluble in water?

Answer 9

No

Question 10

How are essential oils extracted?

Answer 10

Steam distillation

Question 11

What process produces the compounds responsible from the distinctive aroma of spices, like cinnamon and ginger?

Answer 11

Oxidation of terpenes

Question 12

What are terpenoids?

Answer 12

Oxidised terpenes

Question 13

What is photochemistry?

Answer 13

The study of the role of light in chemical reactions

Question 14

What frequency of the electromagnetic spectrum is present in sunlight (apart from visible light)?

Answer 14

UV (ultraviolet)

Question 15

What are the three types of UV radiation?

Answer 15

UVA, UBV, and UVC. UVA has the lowest energy, and UVC has the highest

Question 16

What happens as a result of overexposure to UV radiation?

Answer 16

Sunburn (skin cells damaged by the absorption of energy from UV rays)
Photoaging of the skin

Question 17

What does sunblock do?

Answer 17

It reflects/scatters light so that it doesn’t reach the skin. Reflective particles include zinc oxide or titanium oxide

Question 18

What does sun screen do?

Answer 18

It filters the light from the sun so less of it reaches the deeper layers of the skin

Question 19

What does SPF stand for?

Answer 19

Sun Protection Factor

Question 20

What does SPF mean?

Answer 20

It determines how long you can stay in the sun for before getting sunburn. Eg - if you can stay in the sun for 10 mins, SPF 10 sun screen allows you to stay in the sun 10x longer - so 100 mins

Question 21

What is a free radical?

Answer 21

A highly reactive species containing an unpaired electron

Question 22

How are free radicals written in equations?

Answer 22

A dot placed right of the atomic symbol

Question 23

What are the three stages of a free radical chain reaction?

Answer 23

Initiation
Propagation
Termination

Question 24

What is the initiation stage of a free radical chain reaction?

Answer 24

Reactions which result in a net increase in the number of free radicals

Question 25

What is the propagation stage of a free radical chain reaction?

Answer 25

Reactions in which the total number of free radical remains the same

Question 26

What is the termination stage of a free radical reaction?

Answer 26

Reactions which result in a net decrease in the number of free radicals

Question 27

What are free radical scavengers?

Answer 27

A vitamin, mineral or enzyme that is able to stabilise free radicals

Question 28

What are free radical scavengers often referred to as?

Answer 28

Antioxidants

Question 29

What do antioxidants do?

Answer 29

Inhibit the oxidation of other molecules by oxidising themselves

Question 30

How do antioxidants terminate free radical chain reactions?

Answer 30

By removing free radical intermediates by oxidising themselves

Question 31

What is the purpose of antioxidants as a preservative in foods?

Answer 31

Increase shelf life of food

Question 32

What is the purpose of antioxidants as a preservative in cosmetics?

Answer 32

Helps prevent wrinkles

Question 33

What is the purpose of antioxidants added to rubber?

Answer 33

Prevents degradation of rubber

Question 34

What is melatonin?

Answer 34

A potent free radical scavenger described as a broad-spectrum antioxidant, preventing oxidative damage of cells, tissues, organs and organisms

Question 35

What is vitamin E?

Answer 35

A fat soluble antioxidant that stops the production of reactive oxygen species formed when fats undergo oxidation