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SQA Higher Chemistry Unit 2 > Unit 2(e) - Fragances And Skincare > Flashcards

Unit 2(e) - Fragances And Skincare Flashcards

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1
Q

What are essential oils?

A

Concentrated extracts of the volatile aroma compounds from plants

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2
Q

What are some properties of essential oils?

A

Mixtures of organic compounds

Non-water soluble

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3
Q

Where are essential oils used?

A

Perfumes, cosmetic products, flavourings, cleaning products

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4
Q

Where are essential oils derived from?

A

Any part of the raw plant material

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5
Q

What is the formula of isoprene?

A

C5H8, or 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene

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6
Q

What is isoprene?

A

Base unit of terpenes

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7
Q

What are terpenes?

A

Terpenes are key components in most essential oils
Give fruit and floral flavours and aromas
Unsaturated compounds formed from isoprene units

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8
Q

What two types of terpenes can be formed from isoprene?

A

Linear terpenes

Cyclic terpenes

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9
Q

Are terpenes soluble in water?

A

No

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10
Q

How are essential oils extracted?

A

Steam distillation

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11
Q

What process produces the compounds responsible from the distinctive aroma of spices, like cinnamon and ginger?

A

Oxidation of terpenes

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12
Q

What are terpenoids?

A

Oxidised terpenes

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13
Q

What is photochemistry?

A

The study of the role of light in chemical reactions

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14
Q

What frequency of the electromagnetic spectrum is present in sunlight (apart from visible light)?

A

UV (ultraviolet)

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15
Q

What are the three types of UV radiation?

A

UVA, UBV, and UVC. UVA has the lowest energy, and UVC has the highest

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16
Q

What happens as a result of overexposure to UV radiation?

A

Sunburn (skin cells damaged by the absorption of energy from UV rays)
Photoaging of the skin

17
Q

What does sunblock do?

A

It reflects/scatters light so that it doesn’t reach the skin. Reflective particles include zinc oxide or titanium oxide

18
Q

What does sun screen do?

A

It filters the light from the sun so less of it reaches the deeper layers of the skin

19
Q

What does SPF stand for?

A

Sun Protection Factor

20
Q

What does SPF mean?

A

It determines how long you can stay in the sun for before getting sunburn. Eg - if you can stay in the sun for 10 mins, SPF 10 sun screen allows you to stay in the sun 10x longer - so 100 mins

21
Q

What is a free radical?

A

A highly reactive species containing an unpaired electron

22
Q

How are free radicals written in equations?

A

A dot placed right of the atomic symbol

23
Q

What are the three stages of a free radical chain reaction?

A

Initiation
Propagation
Termination

24
Q

What is the initiation stage of a free radical chain reaction?

A

Reactions which result in a net increase in the number of free radicals

25
Q

What is the propagation stage of a free radical chain reaction?

A

Reactions in which the total number of free radical remains the same

26
Q

What is the termination stage of a free radical reaction?

A

Reactions which result in a net decrease in the number of free radicals

27
Q

What are free radical scavengers?

A

A vitamin, mineral or enzyme that is able to stabilise free radicals

28
Q

What are free radical scavengers often referred to as?

A

Antioxidants

29
Q

What do antioxidants do?

A

Inhibit the oxidation of other molecules by oxidising themselves

30
Q

How do antioxidants terminate free radical chain reactions?

A

By removing free radical intermediates by oxidising themselves

31
Q

What is the purpose of antioxidants as a preservative in foods?

A

Increase shelf life of food

32
Q

What is the purpose of antioxidants as a preservative in cosmetics?

A

Helps prevent wrinkles

33
Q

What is the purpose of antioxidants added to rubber?

A

Prevents degradation of rubber

34
Q

What is melatonin?

A

A potent free radical scavenger described as a broad-spectrum antioxidant, preventing oxidative damage of cells, tissues, organs and organisms

35
Q

What is vitamin E?

A

A fat soluble antioxidant that stops the production of reactive oxygen species formed when fats undergo oxidation

SQA Higher Chemistry Unit 2 (5 decks)

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