Unit 2: Concept 1 Notes - Cell Theory and Organelles

Question 1

Define:

Cell Theory - Law 1

Answer 1

All living things are made out of cells

Question 2

Define:

Cell Theory - Law 2

Answer 2

Cells are the most basic unit of life

Question 3

Define:

Cell Theory - Law 3

Answer 3

All cells come from other cells

Question 4

Law 1 (Continued)

Answer 4

Although all living things are made out of cells, organisms can be unicellular and multicellular

Question 5

Law 2 (Continued)

Answer 5

The smallest part of an organism that is still capable of all life’s processes

— Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

Question 6

ALL cells have:

Answer 6

Genetic material (DNA, RNA), cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosomes

Question 7

Define:

Unicellular

Answer 7

Organisms composed of one cell

Question 8

Define:

Multicellular

Answer 8

Organisms composed by many cells that may organize into tissues, organs, and organ systems

Question 9

Question:

Cells that do not have a nucleus:

Answer 9

Prokaryotic

Question 10

Question:

Cells that have a nucleus:

Answer 10

Eukaryotic

Question 11

Define:

Cytoplasm

Answer 11

Jelly-like substance mainly made up of water that holds everything in place

Question 12

Define:

Cell Membrane

Answer 12

Surrounds the outside of all cells and controls what goes in and out

Question 13

Define:

Phospolipid Bilayer

Answer 13

Structure of the cell membrane made up of two layers of fats

— Hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails

Question 14

Define:

Cytoskeleton

Answer 14

Threadlike fibers made up of proteins that give the cell shape and provide structural support

Question 15

Define:

Nucleus

Answer 15

Contains genetic material, DNA, and is surrounded by a nuclear envelope/membrane

Question 16

Define:

Nucleolus

Answer 16

Located inside the nucleus and makes rRNA which make up ribosomes

Question 17

Define:

Ribosomes

Answer 17

Made up of proteins and rRNA — located on Rough ER, floating in cytoplasm. Responsibile for making proteins

Question 18

Define:

Rough ER

Answer 18

Endoplasmic Reticulum with ribosomes on the surface; makes and packages proteins for secretion

Question 19

Define:

Smooth ER

Answer 19

Endoplasmic Reticulum without ribosomes that make lipids (membrane)

Question 20

Define:

Golgi apparatus

Answer 20

Folded membrane that processes, sorts, and ships proteins where needed

Question 21

Define:

Lysosomes

Answer 21

Contains enzymes that break down dead stuff. Can preform apoptosis

Apoptosis — programmed cell death

Question 22

Define:

Vacuoles

Answer 22

Storage structure cells — small and numerous in animal cells, one large central one in plant cells

Question 23

Define:

Centrioles

Answer 23

Made of microtubules — appear during cell division, help pull chromosomes apart

— 2 centritoles together = centrosome

Question 24

Define:

Cilia

Answer 24

Short, numerous projections that move fluid across the cell’s surface

Question 24

Define:

Flagella

Answer 24

Longer, fewer projections that move the entire cell through extracellular fluid

Question 24

Define:

Mitochondria

Answer 24

Where cellular respiration happens; breaks down food to release energy as ATP

— Made up of two parts: inner membrane and matrix

Question 25

Define:

Chloroplast

Answer 25

Where photosynthesis happens; converts energy from the sun into energy in sugar

— Made up of two parts: grana (stacks) and stroma (fluid)

Question 26

Define:

Cell wall

Answer 26

Made of cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi and peptidoglycen in bacteria

— Protects and maintains shape

Question 27

Define:

Central vacuole

Answer 27

A massive central structure in plant cells that serve as a storage center

Question 28

Define:

Organelles:

Answer 28

Specialized structures in the cell that work together to help the cell function

— Main purpose is to make proteins