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AP COMPARITIVE POLITICS > Unit 2- Communist and Post-Communist Countries > Flashcards

Unit 2- Communist and Post-Communist Countries Flashcards

1
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

owners of factories and other means of production

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2
Q

Vanguard of the revolution

A

a group of revolutionary leaders who could provoke the revoltuion in non-capitalist Russia

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3
Q

Democratic centralism

A

hierarchal party structure in which leaders were elected from below

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4
Q

Co-optation

A

allocation of power throughout various political, social, and economic institutions

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5
Q

Nomenklatura

A

the process of filling influential jobs in the state, society, or the economy with people approved and chosen by the Communist Party

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6
Q

Who established market-based socialism in CHina?

A

Deng Xiaoping. In 1976, following Mao’s death. Chose more gradual path than the USSR’s move to capitalism.

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7
Q

central planning

A

the ownership of private property and the market mechanism are replaced with the allocation of resources by the state bureaucracy

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8
Q

Difficulties with Communist political economies

A

Logistical difficulties

Lack of worker incentives q

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9
Q

Russian Political Culture Traditions

A

Absolute, centralized rule

Extensive cultural homogeneity

Slavophile vs. Westernizer

Equality of Result

Eastern Orthodoxy

Skepticism about Power (except for Putin)

Importance of Nationality

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10
Q

Three Periods in Russian History

A

A long period of autocratic rule by Tsars

20th century Communist rule

Postt-1991 abrupt change to procedural democracy and free market

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11
Q

Enlightened Despot

A

one who rules absolutely, but with clear goals in mind

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12
Q

zemstvas

A

regional assemblies created by Tsar Alexander II

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13
Q

White Army

A

fought in 1918 Russian civil war. led by Russian military leaders and funded by Allied Powers

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14
Q

New Economic Policy

A

Lenin’s policy which allowed a great deal of private ownership to exist under a centralized leadership

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15
Q

Central Committee

A

under USSR, group of 300 Communist party leaders who met about twice a year

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16
Q

Politburo

A

group of about twelve men who ran USSR the country and their decision were carried out by agencies and departments

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17
Q

General Secretary

A

head of Politburo who assumed full dictatorial powers

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18
Q

Kulaks

A

Russian peasents

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19
Q

Two Parts of Stalin’s USSR Plans

A

Collectivization and industrialization

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20
Q

Gosplan

A

the Central State Planning Commission

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21
Q

Five Year Plan

A

set ambitious goals for production of heavy industry such as oil, steal, and electricity

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22
Q

secret speech

A

Khruschev revealed the existence of a letter written by Lenin before he died in which Lenin denounced Stalin’s rules and practices

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23
Q

deStalinization

A

reforms that loosened government censorship and decentralized economic decision making

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24
Q

Glasnost

A

“openness”. allowed more open discussion of political, social, and economic issues as well as open criticism of the government

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25
Q

Democratization under Gorbachev

A

created a new Congress of People’s Deputies with directly elected representatives and a new position of President that was selected by the Congress

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26
Q

Perestroika

A

market reforms. authorized some privately owned companies, lease farm lands, price reforms.

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27
Q

Three Branches of Russian Government

A

President
Prime Minister
Duma
Constitutional COurt

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28
Q

Proletariat

A

workers

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29
Q

Where are Muslims concentrated in Russia?

A
  1. Moscow - laborers who have migrated to Moscow in recent years to find work.
  2. The Caucuses - Chechnya
  3. Bashkortostan and Tatarstan -
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30
Q

Russian Beliefs and Attitudes

A

Mistrust of the government

Statism

Market Reform

Divide between Slavophile and Westernizers

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31
Q

Lack of Civil Society in Russia

A

Russia has higher voter turnout than the US, but lower than the UK and France.

Most Russians don’t attend church on a regular basis, nor do they belong to sports or recreational clubs, literary or cultural groups, charitable organizations, or labor unions. Only 1% belong to political parties.

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32
Q

Nashi

A

Russian youth group that supports Putin and has been implicated in harrassing British and Russian embassy. Also combats youthful resistence to government

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33
Q

Asymmetric federalism

A

some regions are much strong than others, so power is devolved unequally across a country. ex: Russia

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34
Q

Increasing Centralization of Power under Putin

A

Creation of super-districts that supervise local authorities and are run by presidential appointee.

Removal of governors by president.

Presidential appointment of governors

Move to proportional representative Duma.7

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35
Q

Linkage Institutions in Russia

A

Growingly weak as media comes under government control and private organizations are weak. United Russia Party is only strong party.

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36
Q

United Russia

A

Pro-Putin

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37
Q

Communist Party of the Russian Federation

A

largest opposition party. opposes market reforms.

38
Q

Liberal Democrats

A

misnomer. anti-semitic, militaristic, extreme-nationalist

39
Q

A Just Russia

A

another opositon party

40
Q

Patriots of Russia

A

thought by many to be a party supported by United Russia in order to undermine Communists and A Just Russia

41
Q

Parties of Power

A

parties strongly sponsored by economic and political power-holders

42
Q

State corporatism

A

the state determines which groups have input into policymaking

43
Q

Insider privatization

A

free-enterprise is allowed but only allowed to be run by men seen as loyal to the state

44
Q

State Corporatism in Russia (Examples)

A

Gazprom- natural gas company (run by former prime minister Zubkov)

Rosneft- oil company run by Igor Sechin who is the presidential deputy chief of staff

United Aircraft Corporation - run by first deputy prime minister Ivanov

45
Q

Pravda

A

official newpaper of USSR that continued as independent newpaper in Russia, but no longer censored largely because it focuses on non-political stories.

46
Q

Lack of Press Freedom in Russia

A

journalists that have been critical of the government, like those that worked with Novaya Gazeta, have been killed suspiciously.

The Kremlin took over the only independent television network in the country and then when those independent journalists went to a new station, they shut that station down.

47
Q

Russian Presidency

A

Six year terms. term limit of two

48
Q

Presidential Powers

A

Appoint the prime minister and cabinent (requires approval of Duma). However, if Duma rejects the President’s nominee three times than the President can dissolve the Duma.

Issue decrees that have the force of law. (creation of the state-owned United Aircraft Corporation)

Dissolve the Duma

49
Q

Selection of Prime Minister

A

Unlike in UK, Prime ministers are not appointed because they are leaderrs of the majority party but rather because they are most likely career bureaucrats that are chosen because of their technical expertise or loyalty to the president

50
Q

Federation Council

A

Consists of two members from each of the 89 federal administrative units. One member is selected by the governor of the region and the other by the regional legislature. Mostly powerless except to delay legislation. May be overridden by 2/3 vote in Duma

51
Q

Constitutional Court

A

Nineteen members appointed by the president and confirmed by the Federation Council and are supposed to make sure that all laws and decrees are constitutional. relatively weak

52
Q

Dynastic cycles

A

long periods of rule by a family punctuated by times of chaos, when the family lost its power and was challenged by a new and ultimately unsuccessful ruling dynasty

53
Q

Mandate of Heaven

A

the right to rule as seen by the collective ancestral wisdom that guided the empire from the heavens above

54
Q

Maoism

A

idealistic and egalitarian, which, though endorsing centralized power exercized through top-level party leadership, it stressed the importance of staying connected to peasents through a process called mass line

55
Q

Mass line

A

requires leaders to listen to and communicate with ordinary folks as a matter of legitimacy

56
Q

Historical Traditions of Chinese Government

A

Authoritarian Power- centralization of power among one person or a small group of people. government as something one is subject to not a participant in.

Confucianism- emphasized the importance of order and harmony, encouraged Chinese citizens to submit to the emperors power, and reingforced the emperors responsibility to fulfill his duties conscientiously

Bureaucratic hierarchy based on scholarship/meritocracy

57
Q

Middle Kingdom

A

belief that China is the center of all civilization

58
Q

Deng Xiaoping Theory

A

a practical mix of authoritarian political control and economic privatization

59
Q

Geographic Influences on China

A

Access to oceans/ports
Many large navigable rivers
Major geographical and climate split between north and south
Geographic isolation of the western part of the country
Mountain ranges, deserts, and oceans thtat seperate China from other countries

60
Q

Historical Eras of China

A

Dynastic rule
Resistance to Imperialism
Maoism
Deng Xiaoping Theory

61
Q

Major THemes During Chinese Revolutionary Era

A

Nationalism - desire to reestablish Chinese independence and greatness

Establishing a new political community - choice of new kind of government in absence of dynasties

Socioeconomic development

62
Q

Cadres

A

party workers at the lowest level

63
Q

Maoist Factions after Mao’s death

A

Radicals - supported the radical goals of the Cultural Revolution
Military
Moderates- emphasized economic modernization and limited contact with other countries

64
Q

Four Modernizations

A

industry, agriculture, science, and military

65
Q

Changes under Deng Xiaoping

A

“open door” trade policy
reforms in education
institutionalization of the revolution into more beuracratic and decentralized government

66
Q

Han Chinese

A

the people that historically form the basis of China’s identity

67
Q

Chinese Minorities

A

Most are located in the five autonomous regions of China.

Ex: Tibetj, Uyghurs

68
Q

Xinhua

A

China’s official news media

69
Q

Hukou

A

China’s taditional household registrtation system that makes it difficult to move from one place to another

70
Q

Guanxi

A

personal connections

71
Q

Chinese Factions

A

Conservatives
Liberals
“Princelings”
Chinese Communist Youth League

72
Q

Conservatives

A

oppose movement towards democracy and support crackdowns on organizations and individuals who act too independently

73
Q

Liberals

A

more accepting of political liberties and democratic movements

74
Q

Princelings

A

an aristocracy of families with revolutionary credentials from the days of Mao Zedong

75
Q

Chinese Communist Youth League

A

seen as promoters of the concerns of the urban and rural poor

76
Q

Fang-shou

A

a tightening up, lossening up cycle that includes Economic Liberalization, Political movements, and CCP response

77
Q

Danwei

A

social units usually based on a person’s place of work

78
Q

People’s Daily

A

the official newspaper of the Central Committee of the CCP

79
Q

Parallel Hierarchies in China

A

CCP
state/government
People’s Liberation Army

80
Q

Dual role

A

vertical supervision of government by the next higher level of government and horizontal supervision of government by the Communist Party at the same level

81
Q

Chinese President and Vice President

A

serve five year terms and are limited to two terms. largely ceremonial , always held by senior party leaders.

82
Q

Premier

A

head of government, formally appointed by the president, always held by a member of the Standing Committee

83
Q

People’s Court

A

four-tiered court system in China that is organized hierarchically… 99% of all cases that come to trial end in conviction and often end in deaht penalty.

84
Q

People’s Procuratorate

A

public prosecutors and defenders in China

85
Q

Recent Democratic Reforms in China

A

Some input from the National People’s Congress is accepted by the Politburo

More emphasis is placed on laws and legal procedures

Village elections are now semi-competitive

86
Q

One Child Policy

A

system of incentives and penalties designed to assure that couples produced only one child

87
Q

Iron Rice Boawl

A

cradle-to-grave health care, work, and retirement security

88
Q

People’s Communes

A

large collective farms that were used during Maoist China

89
Q

Household responsibility system

A

individual families take full charge of the production and marketing of crops. after paying government taxes and contract fees to the villages, families may consume or sell what they produce.

90
Q

Township and village enterprises

A

rural factories and businesses that vary greatly in size, and are run by local government and entrepreneurs

91
Q

Economic problems in CHina

A

Unemployment and inequality

Inefficiency of the state sector

Pollution

Product Safety

92
Q

Special Economic Zones

A

regions where foreign investors were given preferential tax rates and other incentives

AP COMPARITIVE POLITICS (3 decks)

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