Unit 2 Classifications and Eco systems done

Question 1

Binomial nomenclature

Answer 1

Scientific way of naming an organism by placing the Genes name (start with higher case) then the species name (starts with lower case).

Question 2

Classification system + apply for humans

Answer 2

Dear King Phillip Come Over For Good Soup.

Domain: Eukaryotic
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrates
Class: Mammalian
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: sapiens

It is important so it is easy to understand about each organism, also it gives systematic way of learning about life on earth.

In some cases organism belong to the same genes and species but still have some difference in the character, so we put the subspecies name to identify them

Question 3

Animal and plant kingdom characteristics (no need for the exam))

Answer 3

Animal: Multicellular, Heterotrophic, complex movement, nervous coordination, Glycogen store.
Invertebrates like insects vertebrates like humans

Plant: Multicellular, Chloroplast, Photosynthesis, cell walls, store sugar starch or sucrose.
Flowering plants and non flowering plants. flowering plants have 2 types of
Cereal like rice
Herbaceous legume like beans

Question 4

Fungi characteristics (no need for the exam))

Answer 4

Fungi: Multicellular or Unicellular
Chitin cell wall,
the hyphae in the mycelium in eukaryotes can have multiple nuclei.
Store carbohydrates as glycogen. Saprophytic nutrition using extracellular enzymes produced by the hyphae.
(Obtain it’s nutrition from dead bodies using extracellular enzymes out of the body and then absorb it by hyphae)
Unicellular like yeast
Multicellular like mucor

(Study notebook drawing)

Question 5

Protista and Monera characteristics. (no need for the exam)

Answer 5

Protista: Known as the dustbin kingdom. Some are like animals and some are like plants.Mostly unicellular
More like animal: Amoeba
More like plants: Chlorella

Monera/bacteria: prokaryotes, small single celled, slime layer, some has flagella, some contain plasmids,
1 cellular chromosome, some do photosynthesis.

Question 6

Interspecific and Intraspecific interactions Between species.

+ Predator-prey interaction.

Answer 6

Interspecific: Relationships between 2 different species. Eg: Lion, Rabbit

Intraspecific: Relationships between the same species. Eg: Lion, Lion

Inter (Means between in both Latin and English)
Intra (Means within in both Latin and English)

No need for the exam:
Interspecific Compose of:
1)Competition: For food, space, or water.+ Happens in the same species.

2)Predator-prey: When a predator captures and eats a prey

3)Symbiosis, which has 3 types:
a) Mutualism: both organisms are equally benefited. eg - bacteria living in the intestine or stomach

b) Commensalism: one organism benefits and the other one is neither helped nor harmed.

c) Parasitism: one benefits and the other is harmed or may be killed.

Question 7

Food chains and Food webs and their components eg: producers

Answer 7

Components
First Trophic Level (Producers):
At the base of the pyramid, they convert sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis. They have the highest energy or biomass.
eg: plants, algae.

Second Trophic Level (Primary consumers (Herbivores)):
herbivores that feed directly on producers. They have lower energy or biomass compared to producers.
eg: Horses, Cows, Rabbits.

Third Trophic Level (Secondary Consumers) :
Carnivores (eat meat) or omnivores (eat meat and plants) that feed on primary consumers. They have even lower energy or biomass compared to primary consumers.
eg: wolves, foxes, Big cats.

Fourth Trophic Level (Tertiary Consumers (Top Predators)): At the top of the pyramid, Carnivores feed on secondary consumers. They have the lowest energy or biomass content in the pyramid.

Top predators: Top predators have few or no natural predators of their own.
Sometimes there will be even higher trophic levels with lower energy and biomass

Food chains:

Food Webs: Unlike a food chain, a food web accounts for the multiple interactions and pathways of energy flow within an ecosystem.

Question 8

The 3 Ecological Pyramids

Answer 8

See images on Google
● Pyramid of Energy: Represents the flow of energy through trophic levels. It shows the amount of energy available at each level, with energy decreasing as it moves up the pyramid.
Energy enters ecosystems from the sun through photosynthesis, where plants convert solar energy into chemical energy stored in sugars. This energy is then transferred from one organism to another as they eat and are eaten. Eventually, much of the energy is lost as heat during metabolic processes.
approximately 10% of the energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next. less than 1% of sun’s energy reaches plants

● Pyramid of Biomass: Represents the total mass of organisms at each trophic level. Biomass is typically measured in grams per unit area (e.g., grams per square meter). Like the energy pyramid, biomass decreases as you move up the trophic levels.

● Pyramid of Numbers: Represents the number of organisms at each trophic level. It may have various shapes, depending on the ecosystem. In some cases, the pyramid of numbers can be inverted, especially when producers are large and long-lived compared to consumers.
eg of inverted: Some aquatic ecosystems.