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Physiology 3 > Unit 2 Circulation > Flashcards

Unit 2 Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the circulatory system

A

Deliver O2 to systemic tissue
Deliver nutrients to tissues
Remove CO2 and waste from systemic tissues
Transport hormones

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2
Q

What are the functional parts of the circulatory system

A 
Arteries
Arterioles
Pre-capillary sphincters
Capillaries
Venules
Systemic veins
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3
Q

What functional part of the circulatory system is under the most pressure

A

Arteries

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4
Q

T/F: Arterial pressure control is dependent of local flow or cardiac output

A

False

Arterial pressure control is independent of local or cadiac output

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5
Q

What is cardiac out put controlled by

A

Local tissue flow

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6
Q

What is blood flow in proportion to

A

Metabolic rate

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7
Q

What is different between the aorta and a normal artery in tissue composition

A

Aorta has mainly Elastic and fibrous tissue with some smooth mucle

Arteries have mainly Elastic tissue and smooth muscle with some Fibrous tissue

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8
Q

What is the typical tissue composition of a vein

A

Equal parts elastic, fibrous and smooth mucle

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9
Q

What type of tissue composes capillaries

A

Only endothelium

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10
Q

What is the name for the volume of blood that passes a certain point per unit time

A

Flow

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11
Q

What is the driving force of blood flow

A

Pressure gradient

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12
Q

Where is the greatest resistance to flow found

A

In the pre-capillary vessels

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13
Q

T/F: At a given F, if the pressure decreases the resistance decreases

A

False

At a given F, if the pressure decreases the resistance increases

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14
Q

What are the advantages of Parallel circuitry

A

Independence of local flow control
Minimize total peripheral resistance
O2 rich blood to all tissue

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15
Q

What is the internal friction of a fluid

A

Viscosity

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16
Q

What happens to velocity with viscosity incrases

A

Velocity decreases

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17
Q

What happens to apparent viscosity when cells get stuck

A

Apparent viscosity increases

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18
Q

What fiber pervents RBC’s from getting stuck

A

Fibrinogen

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19
Q

How do RBC decreases viscosity in small vessesl

A

They line up

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20
Q

What is the normal range of RBC’s in blood

A

38-45%

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21
Q

What type of flow is associated with Vessel disease

A

Turbulent flow

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22
Q

What is Reynold’s number

A

Probability statement for turbulent flow

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23
Q

What tool is used to determine velocity of flow

A

Doppler Ultrasonic Flow-meter

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24
Q

What indicated turbulent flow with a dopler ultraconic flow-meter

A

Broad band

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25
Q

What indicates Laminar flow with a doppler ultrasonic flow-meter

A

Narrow band

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26
Q

What determines cardiac output

A

Flick principal

Indicator dilution

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27
Q

What determines vessel flow

A

Venous occlusions
Doppler ultrasonic flow meter
Vascular flow cuffs

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28
Q

What is fick principal

A

Blood flow to a tissue organ

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29
Q

What is the ability of a vessel to stretch

A

Distensibility

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30
Q

What is the ability of a vessel to stretch and hold volume

A

Compliance

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31
Q

A small change in volume in an artery will result in what

A

A large change in pressure

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32
Q

A large change in volume in a vein will result in what

A

A small change in pressure

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33
Q

How much more distensible and compliant are veins than arteries

A

Distensible = 8x

Compliant 24x

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34
Q

How is blood controlled in the short term

A

Vasodilation

Vasoconstriction

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35
Q

What can affect arteriols on whether they constrict of dilate

A

SNS innervation constriction fibers

Local dilators

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36
Q

What causes arterioles to dilate

A

Vasodilators
CO, NO
decrease O2

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37
Q

What happens to resistance and flow when an arteriol is dilated

A

Resistance decreases

Flow Increases

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38
Q

What happens to resistance and flow when an arteriol is Constricted

A

Resistance Increases

Flow Decreases

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39
Q

What are the two theories involved in Vasodilation

A

Local Vasocilator theory

Oxygen demand theory

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40
Q

What are Local Vasodilators

A 
Adenosine
Carbon dioxide
Adenosine phosphate
Histamine
Potassium
Hydrogen
Prostaglandins
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41
Q

What is the ability to keep blood flow constant in the face of a changing arterial BP

A

Autoregulation

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42
Q

What causes Arteriogenesis

A

Stress caused by enhanced blood flow

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43
Q

What is VEGF

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor (promotes angiogenesis)

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44
Q

What up regulates expression of MCP-1

A

Stress activated endothelium

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45
Q

What happens when MCP-1 is expressed in blood vessesl

A

Increase in the number of Monocytes in vessels

Inflammation

Remodeling/development of arteries

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46
Q

What does Hypoxia cause the release of

A

VEGF

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47
Q

What is important in development of collateral arterial vessels

A

VEGF

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48
Q

What was VEGF first isolated from

A

Tumors

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49
Q

Terms used to describe Mesenchymal cell differentiate into endothelial cells

A

Vasculogenesis

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50
Q

Term used to describe formation of new blood vessles by sprouting from pre existing small vessels

A

Angiogenesis

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51
Q

Term used to describe repid proliferation of pre-existing collateral vessels with fully developed tunica media

A

Arteriogenesis

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52
Q

What are the different methods in therapeutic angiogenesis

A

Protein therapy
Gene therapy
Cellular therapy

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53
Q

What can endothelium release to affect Blood vessels

A

Release Prostacylin
Release NO
release Endothelin

54
Q

What does Prostacyclin do

A

Inhibit platelet aggregation

Relaxes vascular smooth muscle

55
Q

What does NO do

A

Vasodilator

56
Q

What stimulates the release of NO

A

Shear stress

Acetylcholine binding to epithelium

57
Q

What does Endothelin do

A

Vasoconstrictor

58
Q

What is the functional unit of circulation

A

Capillary

59
Q

What are the mechanisms of exchange in microcirculation

A

Diffusion
Ultrafiltration
Vesicular transport

60
Q

What is functional flow

A

Increased oxygen uptake/utilization

61
Q

What is non functional flow

A

Non nutritive flow, associated with shunting of blood through a bed

62
Q

What is Ultrafiltration

A

Bulk flow through a capillary wall

63
Q

What favours filtartion

A

hydrostatic pressure gradient (high to Low)

64
Q

What favours reabsorption

A

Colloid osmotic pressure (low to High)

65
Q

What impacts the amount of Colloid osmotic pressure

A

The concentration of proteins in plasma

66
Q

What is the Donnan Effect

A

Increases the colloid osmotic effect

67
Q

What causes the Donnan effect

A

Large plasma proteins carry negative charges that attract ions, increasing osmotic effect

68
Q

T/F: ALL plasma proteins account for Osmotic pressure

A

False

Only protein that can’t cross capillary wall can exert osmotic pressure

69
Q

What is the reflection coefficient

A

How readily protein can cross capillary wall

70
Q

What drains excess fluid from interstitial spaces

A

Lymph capillaries

71
Q

Are there true lymphatics in the CNS

A

no

72
Q

What acts as a functional lymphatic system in the CNS

A

Arachnoid vili which empties into dural venous sinuses

73
Q

Where does most of the lymph come from

A

Liver and intestines

74
Q

Factors that increase filtration and/or decrease reabsorption will do what to lymph

A

Increase lymph formation

75
Q

What is the rate of lymph flow per hour

A

120ml/hr (2.9L/day)

76
Q

every day the volume of lymph is ____ to your Entire plasma volume is filtered

A

Equal

77
Q

What are the functions of Lymphatics

A

Return lost protein in vascular system
Drain excess plasma
Carry nutrients
Filter lymphatics

78
Q

What creates arterial blood pressure

A

The interaction of blood with vascular wall

79
Q

When are arteries distended

A

During systole = blood pumped out = Systolic BP

80
Q

What is Diastolic BP

A

The lowest point that BP falls during diastole

81
Q

What is Hydraulic Filtering

A

Phenomenon that converts intermittent output by the heart into a steady flow to tissues using distensibility of arterial tree

82
Q

When is inflow rate to the LV the fastest

A

Systole

83
Q

What determines the Diastolc BP

A 
Cycle length (high CL will decrease DBP)
Total peripheral resistance (proportional to DBP)
84
Q

Does DBP chance during exercise

A

No because cycle length is offset by total peripheral resistance

85
Q

What is the predominant Norepinephrine receptor in blood vessels

A

Alpha receptors

86
Q

What affect does SNS have on blood flow

A

Decreases flow

87
Q

SNS stimulation decreases blood flow exept where

A

Brain
Lungs
Heart

88
Q

How does the heart prevent decreased blood flow due to SNS activation

A

Increase of Cardiac activity, which releases vasodilators (adenosine)

89
Q

How does the Brain and Lungs avoid the affects of SNS stimulation on Vasoconstriction

A

They arteriols are weakly innervated by SNS

90
Q

What is the Critical closing pressure

A

The pressure that causes arterioles to close

91
Q

What keeps arterioles from closing

A

Critical luminal pressure

92
Q

What is Mean circulatory filling pressure

A

the point when arterial BP is equal to venous BP

93
Q

What prevents Equilibration of pressure

A

Closing of arterioles

94
Q

What happens as Central venous pressure increases

A

Venous return decreases

95
Q

What is Central venous pressure

A

Pressure in Superior and Inferior vena cava when it enters right atrium

96
Q

Central venous pressure is equal to what (can also be called)

A

Right atrial pressure

97
Q

What is the collection of neurons in the medulla and pons

A

Vasomotor center

98
Q

What does the pressor center do in the vasomotor center

A

Increases blood flow
Vasoconstriction
Increase cardiac activity

99
Q

What does the depressor center do in the vasomotor center

A

Decrease blood pressure
Vasodilation
Decrease cardiac activity

100
Q

What does the Sensory area do in the vasomotor center

A

Mediates baroreceptor reflex (inhibit pressor center = lower BP)

101
Q

What does the cadrioinhibitory area do in the vasomotor center

A

Stimulates CN X to inhibit heart activity

102
Q

What controls blood pressure

A

Nervous system effects on smooth muscle

Renal-body fluid balance

103
Q

Where are baroreceptors abundant

A

Carotid Sinus

Arch of Aorta

104
Q

What happens when Baroreceptors are streched

A

Vasodilation

Decreased Cardiac Output

105
Q

What CN send Baroreceptive info to the CNS

A

IX X

106
Q

Where are Low pressure barorecptors located

A

Atrial walls

Pulmonary arteries

107
Q

How do the kidneys control BP, why triggers this

A

Increased ECF will cause AP to rise

Kidney excrete excess ECF

108
Q

Will increased total peripheral resistance create a long term elevation of BP assuming no change in fluid intake and renal change

A

No

109
Q

What type of arteriols drain glomerular capillaries

A

Efferent

110
Q

Where does reabsorption take place

A

Peritubular Capillaries

111
Q

Where does filtration take place in the kidneys

A

Afferent Arterioles

112
Q

What hormones decrease renal blood flow

A

Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Angiotensin II

113
Q

What hormones increase renal blood flow

A

Prostaglandins

114
Q

What monitors NaCl in the distal tubule

A

Macula densa

115
Q

What is released when the Macula densa senses a decrease in NaCl

A

Juxtaglomerular cells release Renin

116
Q

What does Renin do

A

Catalyses the formation of angoitensin

117
Q

What is the function of Angiotensin II

A

Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
Stimulate Kidney
Stimulate release of ADH

118
Q

What is the net effect of angiotensin

A

decrease Na+H2O secretions = increase BP

119
Q

What does slow breathing do to the Baroreflex

A

increase arterial baroreflex sensitivity

120
Q

What does NO do to smooth muscle

A

Relaxes it

121
Q

What inactivates NO

A

Superoxide redical

122
Q

What does Increasing Antioxidents do to NO

A

reduced amount of free radicals, allowing NO to last longer lower BP

123
Q

What humoral substances can cause hypotension and bradycardia

A

Serotonin

NO

124
Q

What are the Three shunts in fetal circulation

A

Ductus arteriosis
Foramen ovale
Ductus Venosus

125
Q

What shunts allow fetal blood to bypass the lungs

A

Ductus arteriosis

Foramen ovale

126
Q

What shunt allows fetal blood to bypass the liver

A

Ductus Venosus

127
Q

What changes happen to circulation after birth

A

Increase blood flow to liver and lungs
Decrease pulmonary vascular resistance
Decreased RVP
Decreased Pulmonary BP

128
Q

What causes the closure of the Foramen ovale

A

Reversal in pressure gradient closes flap

129
Q

What causes the closure of Ductus Arteriosis

A

Reversal of flow

increased O2 cause muscle constriction

130
Q

What causes the closure of the ductus Venosus

A

Not known

Physiology 3 (4 decks)

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