Unit 2 Chpt. 2-5 Biological Processes

Question 1

What is an important criticism of Ev psych and who does the textbook attribute it to?

Answer 1

Albert Bandura-that it is not one sided, current environemnt has to play into behavior, put the same brain and body into 6 different lives etc

Question 2

Describe the structure of a cell and its relevant parts for this course(5 parts)

Answer 2

Cell->nucleus->chromosome (23 pairs)->DNA->genes (segment_

Question 3

What is an important part of evironement as it relates to genes

Answer 3

Studies have shown that enironmenta conditions can excite or inhibit the expression of certain genes. Genes are colabarative

Question 4

What is mitosis? and what two cells do not do this?

Answer 4

The exact duplication of a cell, sperm and egg

Question 5

what is Meiosis

Answer 5

The duplication of cells but then divides itself twice to be split into 23 unpaired chromosomes

Question 6

Describe what happens in the splitting of the chromosome to promote genetic variability

Answer 6

Which side of each pair is plait by chance, in other words you can have 2 from the left and 3 from the right etc, they are not exact copies of each side

Question 7

What are genetic principles seek to determine?

Answer 7

What determines how a genotype is expressed to create a particuarr phenotype

Question 8

What are 4 genetic principles?

Answer 8

Dominant and Recessive gene principle
-Sex linked genes
-Genetic Imprinting
-Polygenic Inhertiance

Question 9

What is the Sex-Linked Gene Genetic Principle?

Answer 9

(mutations on the x chromosome and how the XX or XY can adapt) So a mutation of the X can be adapted better with an XX pairing

Question 10

Describe the Genetic Imprinting Genetic Principe

Answer 10

Silincing effect where one of the genes on either side is silenced depending on where it comes from

Question 11

Describe the Polygenic Inheritance genetic principle.

Answer 11

Things like height are determined by many genes expressing themselves

Question 12

List some Gene Linked abnormalities (5)

Answer 12

Down Syndrome (extra chrome)
Klinefetler (XXY-physical diformity)
Fragile X synd (intel)
Turner Syn (XO) (intel+sex)
XYY Synd (height)

Question 13

What is a gene linked abnormality and give two examples

Answer 13

Where harmful genes are expressed
Cystic Fibrosis-trouble breathing
Diabetes-hard time processing sugar

Question 14

Name some Preternal Diagnostic Tests, which are the two most popular and why?

Answer 14

-Ultrasound
-Fetal MRI
-Chronic Villus Sampling
-Maternal Blood Screening
-Fetal Sex Determination

The first two are the least invasive and pose no risk

Question 15

What is in vitro fertalization and what is it used for?

Answer 15

IVF is a way of fertalizing a sperm and an egg in a labratory and inserting the fertalized egg back into the uterus for couples who have difficulty with fertalization. Live birth rates after the age of 35 shoot right down

Question 16

When is it statistically better for a child to be adopted?

Answer 16

If adoption occurs after 12 months there is a 3-4x more liklihood of “juvenile deliquency” (whatever that means)

Question 17

What are behavior genetics? adnd what is it not?

Answer 17

A field of research that ties to figure out the differences and impacts between hereditery and environment.
It is NOT to figure out the extent of how much envrio or hereditary effects traits but to what extent people varry because of these things

Question 18

Who was the person who came up with the three ways genes shape environment and what are they?

Answer 18

Sandra scar
Passive genotype-enviornment correlations
-Parents who like reading have an ecosystem of books
Evocative
-Children who smile more often draw in more freindly envi
Active
-Children seek out enviro to suit themselves

Question 19

Who was the one in the textbook that claimed that shared environemnt had little connection between development, what did he claim more specifically?

Answer 19

Robert Plomin,

-Two kids under the same roof have different personalities
-genes highly impact the gene-enviornemnt correlations that determine peer groups thus behavior etc

Question 20

What is concept made to counter the heredetary->enviior coorelations and why?

Answer 20

The Epigenetic View and GeneXEnivornment interaction

They think it put too much emphasis on heredetery

Question 21

What is the Epigenetic View and who is referenced in the textbook?

Answer 21

Combination of impacts, just like in genes the enviro can determine the expression of a gene

Gilbert Gottlieb

Question 22

What is the Gene X Environemtn stance

Answer 22

Same as epigenetic but it emphasizes specific coding (this gene has more likilhood etc)

Question 23

What are the 3 periods of prenatal development

Answer 23

Germinal-first 2 weeks
-zyoget and cell division
Embryonic- 2-8 weeks
-cell support systems, organs etc
Fetal period
-everything else

Question 24

Define Tetrogen

Answer 24

is any angent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioural outcomes

Question 25

What are the main things that determine the potency of a tetrogen

Answer 25

genetics time of infection dose

Question 26

What are some broad categories that can expose a fetus to tetrogens

Answer 26

-emotional state of the mom -drugs, alchohol -nutrition -enviornmental things (radiation)

Question 27

What is the Apgar scale?

Answer 27

A scale used to measure the physical health of newborns

Question 28

What is the NBAS and the NNNS

Answer 28

Neonatal behvaioural ssessment scale which measures neurological competence from 24-36 hours Neonatal intensive care unit..network omg. It's for at risk babies

Question 29

What is considered early birth and light weight

Answer 29

28 weeks less tha 5.5 pounds

Question 30

Risks of early birth

Answer 30

disability, high mortality

Question 31

Differentiate between the cephalocaudal and proximodistal pattern of growth

Answer 31

C-Top to bottom P-center out

Question 32

What is the neuroconstructivist view and what was it responding to?

Answer 32

It is the view that the brain has placticity and its wiring is shaped by context It responds to the biological gene view where your brain wiring is given and that's it.

Question 33

What are the brains 4 lobes and their approximate function

Answer 33

Frontal-vountary movement, thinking Parietal-direct attentiion and motor control occipital-function onvision Temporal-facilitate hearing language and memory

Question 34

What is the dynamic systems view and what question is it responding to?

Answer 34

Perception and action are coupled to develop adults motor skills with practice an goals overtime Are motor skills just developed through genetic stages?

Question 35

What is the difference between sensation and perception

Answer 35

S-reactions that occur when encountering a stimulus P-interpertation of that sensation

Question 36

What is the ecological view of perception and who was it created by?

Answer 36

Gibsons, that people directly perceive information in the world around them. Perception brings people in contact with the environment so that they can interact and adapt to it

Question 37

Briefly describe some milestones in a childs visual development

Answer 37

Early detection of faces 4 weeks colour 3 months size and shape constancy (various depths?)

Question 38

What are the symptoms of a baby that may have a mother who smoked and drank

Question 39

Define Lateralization

Answer 39

is the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other.

Question 40

When does the greatest sensitivity to teratogens begin?

Answer 40

3 weeks after conception