UNIT 2. Chapter 9: Motivation Flashcards
Def. Motivation
Motivation is the internal and external factors that stimulate people to take actions that lead to achieving a goal.
What are the benefits of motivated workers? (5)
- Low labour turnover
- High productivity
- Enthusiasm to make suggestions for improvements
- Low absenteeism
- Prepared to accept responsibility
What is scientific management?
A method F.W. Taylor has used as establishing ideas or hypothesis, studying and recording performance at work.
What was Taylor’s scientific approach on finding out how to improve output per worker or general productivity? (7)
1) Select workers to perform the task
2) Observe and note key elements
3) Record time taken to complete tasks
4) Identify the quickest method to complete the task
5) Train all workers in this method and do not allow any alternations
6) Observe workers to see if the time is being exceeded
7) Pay workers on the basis of results - the theory of economic man
What is the theory of economic man and how did this affect Taylor’s research?
The view is that man are driven or motivated by money alone. This formed basis of Taylor’s motivational suggestion and he used ‘piece rate’ system.
What were the results of Taylor’s work?
Taylor’s approach was widely taken up in the early 20th century when flow production was being introduced, where people only had to do 1 task.
What was Elton Mayo’s human relation theory?
- Best known for ‘Hawthorne effect’ which is research over 5 year period at Hawthorn factory.
- Based on assumption that working conditions affected worker’s productivity
- There was a group that experienced improvement in working conditions and a group that didn’t (control group).
- The results were that the productivity rose in both groups so conclusion was that -> Working conditions themselves are not important in determining productivity levels, there were other motivational factors to explore.
- Changes to rest periods, payment systems, canteen food were made at 12-week intervals.
- Output rose far above original level => there are other factors than working conditions that increase productivity.
What were the conclusions of Mayo’s work? (5)
- Changes in working conditions and financial rewards have little or no effect on productivity
- When managemers consult with workers, motivation is improved.
- Developing team spirit improves productivity
- When workers are given some control, such as deciding on break times, motivation is improved.
- Informal leaders of the groups can help establish goals for motivation.
How does Mayo’s research affect businesses today? (3)
- Employee participation is now encouraged.
- Team working can be applied in many types of modern businesses
- Consulting with workers has opened up new fields of research for industrial psychologist.
What is Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs?
• Maslow was concerned with identifying the main needs that humans have.
• The needs from lowest to highest are:
1) Physical needs e.g food, shelter
2) Safety needs e.g Health
3) Social needs e.g Friendship
4) Esteem needs e.g Respect and status
5) Self-actualisation, reaching full potential
What are the limitations of Maslow’s approach? (4)
- Not everyone has the same needs
- In practice it is hard to identify whether the needs has been met.
- Money is necessary to satisfy physical needs, but may also satisfy esteem needs
- Self-actualisation is never permanently achieved.
How was the Herzberg’s ‘two factor theory’ concluded?
• Herzberg made research on 200 professional workers
• His research was based on questionnaires and interviews with employees to discover:
=> Factors that led employees to having good feelings about their job
=> Factors that led employees to having bad feelings about their job
What was the conclusion of Herzberg’s research? (5 5)
'Two factor theory' • Job satisfaction result from 5 main factors, which are called 'motivators': 1) Achievement 2) Recognition 3) The work itself 4) Responsibility 5) Advancement • Job dissatisfaction resulted from 5 main factors, which are called 'hygiene factors', these were the factors that surrounded the job (extrinsic factors) or the work itself (intrinsic factors): 1) Company policies and administration 2) Supervision 3) Salary 4) Relationships with other workers 5) Working conditions
How does Herzberg’s two factor theory affect businesses today?
1) Better pay and working conditions do not affect motivation on their own.
2) Herzberg suggests ‘job enrichment’ for motivation because:
• Provide complete units of work for a group of people to work on 1 part of the project instead of just 1 repetitive boring job for 1 person.
• Feedback on performance - provides recognition
• A range of tasks to provide challenge and ‘self actualisation’ from Maslow.
3) Higher pay may be quickly taken for granted if the job is not rewarding.
What is McClelland’s motivational needs theory?
The motivational needs theory contains 3 types of motivational needs:
• Achievement motivation (n-ach): This person will seek for challenging goals and job advancement, has a constant need for feedback, and a need for accomplishment.
• Power motivation (n-pow): This person is authority motivated, has the desire to control others, the need to be influential and have an impact.
• Affiliation motivation (n-affil): This person has a need for friendly relationships, and tend to be good team members.
What is the Vroom’s expectancy theory?
• Vroom believes that individuals choose to behave in ways they believe will lead to outcomes they want.
• Expectancy theory is based on 3 beliefs:
1) ‘valence’ - the depth of want for an extrinsic award (e.g money) or intrinsic award (e.g satisfaction).
2) ‘expectancy’ - the degree to which people believe that putting effort will lead to high level of performance
3) ‘instrumentality’- the confidence of employees of getting what they desire.
• If one of the beliefs is missing, the employees will not be motivated.
What are the financial reward systems? (7)
- Hourly wage rate
- Piece rate
- Salary
- Commission
- Performance related pay
- Profit sharing
- Fringe benefits.
Def. Hourly wage rate
Payment to a worker made for each hour worked.
This method is not linked to the level of output or effort.
Def. Piece rate
Payment to a worker for each unit produced.