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honors biooooo > Unit 2: cells > Flashcards

Unit 2: cells Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. all cells are composed of one or more cells
  2. the cell is the basic unit of structure + orginization in organisms
  3. all cells come from preexisitng cells
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2
Q

Compound light microscope

A

a high magnification microscope that uses 2 lenses to compound (multiply) the level of magnification

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3
Q

Plasma membrane

A

a microscopic membrane of lipids and proteins which forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell or encloses a vacuole, and regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm.

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4
Q

Prokaryote

A

no nucleus, single celled organisms, lack other organnelles

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5
Q

Eukaryote

A

an organism consisting of a cell or cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus. Eukaryotes include all living organisms other than the eubacteria and archaebacteria.

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6
Q

Cytoplasm made of

A

gell like substance made of water, salts, and organic molecules

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7
Q

Cytoplasm function

A

holds all the components of the cell

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8
Q

What cells have cytoplasm

A

all cells

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9
Q

Ribosomes made of

A

RNA + protein

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10
Q

Ribosomes function

A

responable for protein assembly + production

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11
Q

Ribosomes Prokaryotes size

A

70s 16S rRNA

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12
Q

Ribosomes Eukaryotes size

A

80s 18S rRNA

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13
Q

Nucleoid

A

The nucleoid is an irregularly shaped region within the prokaryotic cell that contains all or most of the genetic material.

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14
Q

Cell wall

A

protects cell + gives shapes

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15
Q

what cells have cell walls

A

plant cells + bacteria

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16
Q

what are cell walls made of in plant cells

A

cellulose

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17
Q

what are cell walls in bacteria made of

A

peptidoglycan (sugar + amino acids)

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18
Q

Cilia

A

small, slender, hair-like structures present on the surface of all mammalian cells

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19
Q

Fimbriae

A
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20
Q

Flagella

A

aid in cellular locomotion
- bacillus
-some animal cells
-few plant cells

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21
Q

Nucleus

A

the control center that contains DNA

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22
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
rough

A

has ribosomes, protein synthesis + folding

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23
Q

ER smooth

A

no ribosomes, lipid synthesis + detoxification

24
Q

Peroxisome

A

enzyme - detoxifies harmful substances - break down fatty acids

25
Q

lysosomes

A

enzyme - breaks down waste + cellular debris

26
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

cell shipping + recieving - proteins + more

27
Q

Mitochondria

A

power house of the cell
generates ATP
has its own DNA - size 70s 16S sRNA ribosomes
could’ve originated as a prokaryote

28
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization

29
Q

Vacuole

A

“empty space” - hole
helps store nutrients + dispose of waste
-helps maintain pressure

30
Q

Chloroplast

A

an organelle within the cells of plants and certain algae that is the site of photosynthesis
could have used to be prokaryote
own dna + small ribosomes
has chlorophyll
membrane

31
Q

Endomembrane system

A

group of interconnected membranes and organelles within eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins.

32
Q

Endosymbiont theory

A

endosymbiosis = bacteria engolfs the other one
theory = mitochondia + chloroplasts used to exist independently

-own dna
-double membranes
-same size as bacteria
-70s ribosomes
-only be produced by division of pre-existing ones

33
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

model of phospholipid bilayers, with cholestorol, and transport proteins and receptor proteins

34
Q

Selectively permeable

A

some materials can pass through the cell membrane while some can’t -
small + nonpolar can pass through

35
Q

Receptor protein

A

proteins or protein complexes located in the membrane of cells that receive chemical signals and trigger a defined cellular response

example: horomones

36
Q

channel protein

A

a type of facilitated diffusion where molecules that are larger and/or nonpolar moved across the membrane through a protein, without using energy

37
Q

Glycoprotein

A
38
Q

Transport protein

A

Transport proteins act as doors to the cell, helping certain molecules pass back and forth across the plasma membrane,

39
Q

Diffusion

A

particles moving from high concentration to low

40
Q

protein pump

A

uses energy in the form ATP to transport materials against the concentration gradient - low –> high

example: sodium-potassium pump

41
Q

Concentration gradient

A

the process of particles, which are sometimes called solutes, moving through a solution

high concentration -> low concentration

42
Q

Passive transport

A

transport with no energy input

43
Q

active transport

A

requires energy - ATP

44
Q

Osmosis

A

facilitated transport of water across membranes with the channel protein aquaporin

45
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

partciles move through a channel protein
exp: glucode transport into the cell

46
Q

simple diffusion

A

particles move directly across membrane

47
Q

Aquaporin

A

channel protein for water

48
Q

Exocytosis

A

moving large materials out of the cell by feusing the vesicle to the membrane
- cell becomes bigger

49
Q

Endocytosis

A

moving large materials into the cell by folding in the membrane
-cell becomes smaller

50
Q

Tonicity

A

number in bars that helps determine which was water will flow - the water potential - quantified
-negative = unlikely to move
positive = likely to move

51
Q

Isotonic

A

things have same tonicity, particles move in and out at dynamic equlibrium, no cell mass change

52
Q

Hypertonic

A

more solute outside, water moves from inside of the cell to outside, cell becomes shrivelled

53
Q

hypotonic

A

less solute outside, water moves from outside the cell to inside, cell becomes lysed and can burst

54
Q

Flaccid

A

cells in isotonic solutions

55
Q

turgid

A

plump cells in hypotonic solutions

56
Q

Plasmolysis

A

cells that are in hypertonic solutions and lost water

honors biooooo (2 decks)

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