Unit 2 Cells Flashcards
What do plant cells have that animal cells don’t?
-Large central vacuoles
-Cell walls
-Chloroplasts
-Starch Granules
Difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
-Prokaryotes have no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
-Has single chromosome in nucleic region
-Smaller than Eukaryotes
What do all cells have in common?
-ribosomes
-DNA
-cytoplasm
-plasma membrane
Vacuoles (Animal cells)
-minor roles in exocytosis & endocytosis
Vacuoles (Plant cells)
-plants contain large central vacuoles that act as digestive system
-they also regulate cells concentration of water in changing environmental conditions
-when turgid, provide structure for cell wall
Nucleolus
-Dense, solid structure
-Composed of crystalline protein and nucleic acid
Ribosomes
-complexes of Protein and RNA
-Responsible for Protein Synthesis
-Made up of large subunit and small subunit
-receive mRNA and translates it into specific order of amino acids
Mitochondria
-Double membrane-bound organelle
-inner layer has folds called cristae
-area surrounding these folds called Matrix
-Has own ribosomes and DNA
-Responsible for making ATP through Cellular Respiration
Lysosomes
-only found in animal cells
-“garbage disposal”
-Contains enzymes that breakdown macromolecules
Endomembrane system
-group of membranes and organelles in Eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins
Which organelles does the Endomembrane system include?
-nuclear envelope
-lysosomes
-vesicles
-ER
-Golgi body
-plasma membrane
Rough ER
-ribosomes attached to surface transfer proteins into lumen (inner ER)
-protein is folded and acquires side chains
-also makes phospholipids
-uses transport vesicles that bud from membrane to move modified proteins or phospholipids to their destinations
Smooth ER
-has few to no ribosomes on it’s surface
-functions include: synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormone, detoxification of medici and poisons, and storage of calcium ions
Golgi apparatus
-Proteins and lipids traveling in vesicles fuse to cis face of Golgi body and empty their contents into lumen of Golgi
-modifications include adding short chains of sugar molecules
-Then tags modified proteins and lipids with phosphate group or other small molecules so they can be routed to their proper destination
Chloroplast
-have own DNA and ribosomes like mitochondria
-carry out photosynthesis
-have inner and outer membrane
-contain sets of stacked thylakoid membranes in groups called Geraniums
-fluid enclosed by inner membrane called storm
-green due to green pigment chlorophyll
Organelles involved in secretion
golgi apparatus
plasma membrane
Organelles involved in Respiration
mitochondria
cytoplasm
Organelles involved in Endocytosis
plasma membrane
vacuoles
Organelles envolved in protein synthesis
Nucleus, ribosomes, ER
Organelles involved in photosynthesis
chloroplasts
Organelles involved in Cell Division
centrioles
nucleus
Organelles involved in Autolysis
Lysosomes
Organelles involved in Transport in and out of cell
plasma membrane
Out of glucose, charged ions, water, large protein hormones, small lipid hormones, and oxygen, which can pass through the membrane freely?
Only small lipid hormones (no polar) and oxygen (small enough molecule)
3 pieces of evidence that support Endosymbiotic theory
-both prokaryotes and chloroplasts have thylakoids
-mitochondria have a double membrane, implying they picked up another upon entering a cell
-Mitochondria pinch in half to reproduce
-Each mitochondria has its own DNA genome, like a Bacteria’s
Fluid Mosaic Model
-Cell membrane in motion
-made of proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins, and glycolipids
