Bio Unit 1 test

Question 1

Cohesion properties of water

Answer 1

Water molecules tendency to stick to each other
-allows water to form droplets

Question 2

Cohesion Examples

Answer 2

Water forms ice, which floats at the surface of the water, insulating the creatures below it

Question 3

Adhesion properties of water

Answer 3

Water’s ability to bond with/ be attracted to other molecules due to its polarity.

Question 4

Adhesion Examples

Answer 4

Adhesion enables capillary action, which allows water to flow up the roots of plants against gravity

Question 5

Solvent properties of water

Answer 5

Water’s ability to dissolve substances due to its polarity, which allows it to dissociate the ions of salts and bond with other polar substances.

Question 6

Solvent examples

Answer 6

Allows organisms that contain water to more efficiently extract nutrient from their environment by dissolving them, making them more readily available to their cells.

Question 7

Thermal properties of water

Answer 7

Water naturally has a high heat capacity and high heat of vaporization

Question 8

Thermal examples

Answer 8

Allows organisms living in water to experience a relatively stable environment, as its temperature fluctuates less rapidly than air due to lack of temperature fluctuation

Question 9

Why is carbon important for building the molecular components of organisms?

Answer 9

-has four valence electrons, so it can form up to 4 covalent bo ads with other atoms
-used to build THE macromolecules

Question 10

Which macromolecules contain nitrogen?

Answer 10

Protein and Nucleic Acids

Question 11

Helpful acronyms to remember what makes up the different macromolecules
(carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus)

Answer 11

Lipids: CHO
Carbs: CHO
Proteins: CHON
Nucleic acids: CHONP

Question 12

Nucleic acid monomers

Answer 12

Nucleotides

Question 13

Lipid monomers

Answer 13

Fatty acids, phospholipids (kinda)

Question 14

Protein monomers

Answer 14

Amino acids

Question 15

Carbohydrate monomers

Answer 15

Monosaccharides, disaccaride, polysaccharides

Question 16

Condensation Reaction/Dehydration synthesis (same god damn thing)

Answer 16

Two monomers fuse and water is created

Question 17

Hydrolysis

Answer 17

Two monomers come apart in response to the edition of water

Question 18

What makes up nucleotides?

Answer 18

phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous base

Question 19

What is the difference in bases between RNA and DNA?

Answer 19

DNA has Thymine, while RNA has Cytosine

Question 20

What are pyrimidines and purines?

Answer 20

-Pyrimidines are single ringed nitrogenous bases
-Purines are double ringed nitrogenous bases

Question 21

Pyrimidine bases

Answer 21

Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil

Question 22

Purine bases

Answer 22

Guanine and Adenine

Question 23

Nucleotides contain one of two different sugars:

Answer 23

Deoxyribose (DNA), and Ribose(RNA)

Question 24

How are nucleotides formed?

Answer 24

A phosphoric acids (phosphate group) and a base (nitrogenous base) are chemically bonded to a sugar molecule by condensation reactions in which water is given off.

Question 25

How do nucleotides bond to other nucleotides?

Answer 25

-Phosphate group bonds to 3' carbon in condensation reaction, forming a phosphodiester bond -Bases form hydrogen bonds between them (G-C, T-A)

Question 26

Difference between hydrogen and covalent bonds

Answer 26

-Hydrogen bonds less of a real bond, more of an attraction, positive charge of hydrogen attracts to negative charge of other atom

Question 27

Covalent bond

Answer 27

a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms

Question 28

Why does DNA have asymmetrical structure?

Answer 28

DNA made up of alternating bonds between phosphates and sugar molecules

Question 29

What is the difference between the 3' & 5' ends of DNA strand?

Answer 29

5' ends are on the phosphate, 3' ends are on the carbon

Question 30

What makes each of the 20 amino acids unique?

Answer 30

Each amino acid has a different functional R Group, which determines it's chemical properties (hydrophobic, hydrophilic, Positively charged (basic) or negatively charged (acidic))

Question 31

What types of bonds join amino acids together?

Answer 31

Peptide bonds (condensation reaction)

Question 32

Primary structure of proteins

Answer 32

An amino acid chain

Question 33

Secondary structure of proteins

Answer 33

Amino acid chain becomes a- helix or B-pleated due to hydrogen bonding between carbonyl and amine groups in peptide backbone (R groups don't affect this stage)

Question 34

Tertiary structure of protein

Answer 34

Protein folds in a way that accounts for R group chemical properties i.e. basic and acidic want to be close to form an ionic bond, hydrophobic R groups want to be tucked away from outside water molecules, hydrophilic want to be outside, and disulfide bonds form between 2 cysteines, which stabilize the structure

Question 35

Quaternary structure of proteins

Answer 35

Consists of more than one amino acid chain

Question 36

Denaturation of Proteins

Answer 36

if protein is subject to changes in temperature, pH, or exposure to chemicals, structure may change and loose its function

Question 37

mRNA

Answer 37

-messages RNA - reads sets of 3 bases known as codons -each codon codes for single amino acid

Question 38

rRNA

Answer 38

-ribosomal RNA -ensures proper alignment of mRNA & the ribosomes

Question 39

tRNA

Answer 39

-transfer RNA -carried correct amino acid to site of protein synthesis