Unit 2: Cell Structures and Functions Part 2

Question 1

large vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus

Answer 1

vacuoles

Question 2

vacuoles that fuse with lysosomes with enzymes to digest food

Answer 2

food vacuoles

Question 3

vacuoles that pump excess water out of the cell thereby maintaining a suitable ion/molecule concentration

Answer 3

contractile vacuoles

Question 4

a vacuole in plant cells responsible for storage of water, proteins, ions, waste, pigments, and poisons, and helps the plant grow by absorbing water

Answer 4

central vacuole

Question 5

sites of cellular respiration that use oxygen to generate ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels

Answer 5

mitochondria

Question 6

sites of photosynthesis that convert solar energy to chemical energy by using solar energy to synthesize organic compounds such as sugars, carbon dioxide, and water

Answer 6

chloroplasts

Question 7

a theory that an early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed a prokaryotic cell and evolved into a eukaryotic cell

Answer 7

endosymbiotic theory

Question 8

What evidence supports the endosymbiotic theory?

Answer 8

Double membrane of organelles; ribosomes and DNA (chromosome with histone protein); can grow and reproduce independently; same size.

Question 9

What internal compartments do mitochondria have?

Answer 9

Intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix.

Question 10

What internal compartments do chloroplasts have?

Answer 10

Intermembrane space, stroma, and thylakoid space.

Question 11

a specialized metabolic compartment in a cell bounded by a single membrane containing enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from molecules, producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

Answer 11

peroxisome

Question 12

What are the functions of the enzymes in peroxisomes?

Answer 12

Peroxisomes in the liver detoxify harmful substances by transferring their hydrogen to other oxygens producing H2O2. H2O2 is toxic but a catalase breaks it down into water and oxygen.

Question 13

In what types of cells are peroxisomes prominent?

Answer 13

Liver and kidney cells.

Question 14

a network of fibers extending through the cytoplasm that organizes the structure of the cell

Answer 14

cytoskeleton

Question 15

What does it mean that the cytoskeleton is dynamic?

Answer 15

It can be dismantled and reassembled, changing the shape of the cell.

Question 16

hollow rods constructed from tubulin that organize centrosomes/centrioles during cell division, create spindles manipulate chromosomes during cell division, and assist in the movement of the flagella and cilia

Answer 16

microtubules

Question 17

a structure that anchors an assembly of microtubules to a cilium or flagellum to help it move

Answer 17

basal body

Question 18

thin solid rods constructed from a twisted double chain of actin proteins.

Answer 18

microfilaments

Question 19

intermediate rods constructed from a protein similar to keratin that bear tension, reinforce the shape of the cell, position certain organelles, and make up the nuclear lamina

Answer 19

intermediate filaments

Question 20

a structure that provides a plant cell with shape and support and stops it from lysing

Answer 20

cell wall

Question 21

initial cell wall that is thin and flexible

Answer 21

primary cell wall

Question 22

later cell wall that forms more rigid and protected

Answer 22

secondary cell wall

Question 23

a polysaccharide that holds cell walls together

Answer 23

middle lamina

Question 24

channels in plant cell walls

Answer 24

plasmodesmata

Question 25

junctions that fuse the membranes of two adjacent cells together so substances can’t penetrate between the cells (nutrients moving through the bloodstream)

Answer 25

tight junctions

Question 26

junctions made up of intermediate filaments that hold cells together and keep them from breaking while stretching

Answer 26

desmosomes

Question 27

channels that allow material to be shared between cells, help cells to communicate, and carry action potentials between cells (plasmodesmata)

Answer 27

gap junctions

Question 28

What are the functions of microfilaments as a result of actin and myosin interactions?

Answer 28

Contraction of muscle cells, crawling (ameboid) movements, circular movement of cytosol in the cytoplasm, and forming the contractile ring during cytokinesis.