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AP Biology > Unit 2: Cell Structures and Functions Part 1 > Flashcards

Unit 2: Cell Structures and Functions Part 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the theory that all living organisms are made up of basic structural units called cells; cells are the simplest units of life and come from other pre-existing cells

A

cell theory

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2
Q

the study of the structure, function, and behavior of plant and animal cells

A

cytology

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3
Q

the study of chemical processes (metabolism) within and relating to living organisms

A

biochemistry

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4
Q

What is the size range of eukaryotic cells?

A

10-100 um

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5
Q

What is the size range of prokaryotic cells?

A

1-5 um

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6
Q

What is the size range of prokaryotic cells of the smallest bacteria?

A

0.1-1 um

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7
Q

What must cells be large enough to carry?

A

DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes.

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8
Q

What constraint limits the size of cells?

A

Surface area to volume ratio.

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9
Q

Which increases at a greater rate, a cell’s surface area or its volume?

A

Volume.

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10
Q

Why is the surface area to volume ratio of a cell important?

A

If the cell is too large, there is less effective exchange with the environment, and the distance of diffusion is too long within the cell for chemicals to maintain their metabolism.

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11
Q

What organelles are found in an animal cell?

A

Nucleus, cytosol, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, ribosomes, vesicles/vacuoles, rough/smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, centrosomes/centrioles, flagella, microvilli, plasma membrane.

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12
Q

What organelles are found in a plant cell?

A

Nucleus, cytosol, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, ribosomes, vesicles/vacuoles, central vacuole, rough/smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, chloroplast, peroxisomes, centrosomes/centrioles, plasmodesmata, cell wall, plasma membrane.

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13
Q

What organelles are found in prokaryotic cells?

A

Nucleoid, cytosol, cytoplasm, ribosomes, cell wall, plasma membrane, fimbriae, capsule, flagella, plasmids.

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14
Q

the separation of organelles from their external environment by an internal membrane

A

compartmentalization

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15
Q

What are the organelle membranes made of?

A

Phospholipid bilayer.

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16
Q

What is the importance of compartmentalization in a cell?

A

Allows reactions to happen simultaneously and enzymes built into the organelle’s membranes contribute to metabolic reactions in the cell.

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17
Q

an organelle that contains most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell

A

nucleus

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18
Q

two separate phospholipid bilayers that enclose the nucleus and have pores

A

nuclear envelope

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19
Q

regulate what goes in and out of the nucleus

A

nuclear pores

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20
Q

a system of protein filaments that allows the liquid membrane of the nucleus to maintain its structure

A

nuclear lamina

21
Q

loose genetic material wrapped around a histone protein located in the nucleus

A

chromatin

22
Q

tightly coiled DNA in the nucleus before replication

A

chromosome

23
Q

a structure in the nucleus that synthesizes and assembles rRNA into large and small subunits of ribosomes that form ribosomes after they leave the nucleus

A

nucleolus

24
Q

complexes made of rRNA and proteins that carry out protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

25
Q

ribosomes suspended in the cytosol that synthesize proteins that stay in the cytoplasm

A

free ribosomes

26
Q

ribosomes that are attached to the outside of the ER or the nuclear envelope; synthesize proteins that become part of the membrane, part of another organelle, or leave the cell

A

bound ribosomes

27
Q

What traits do cells with high rates of protein synthesis possess?

A

More ribosomes and a larger nucleolus.

28
Q

an extensive network of membraneous tubules and sacs in the cell called cisternae

A

endoplasmic reticulum

29
Q

the internal space of the endoplasmic reticulum or golgi apparatus

A

cisternal space/lumen

30
Q

What are the functions of the smooth ER?

A

Synthesizes lipids (steroids, oils, and phospholipids), metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs and poisons, and stores calcium ions.

31
Q

In what types of cells is the smooth ER prominent?

A

Liver cells, testes/ovaries, oil glands.

32
Q

What are the functions of the rough ER?

A

Cell recognition; bends and folds proteins into their secondary and tertiary structures and produces glycoproteins (oligosaccharides).

33
Q

In what types of cells is the rough ER prominent?

A

Cells specializing in the production of proteins.

34
Q

a structure of flattened membraneous sacs called cisternae responsible for modifying, sorting, and tagging proteins before sending them to their final destination; modifies oligosaccharides by switching the sugars and puts a chemical tag on the protein

A

golgi apparatus

35
Q

In what types of cells is the golgi prominent?

A

Cells specialized for the secretion of proteins.

36
Q

the side of the golgi facing towards the ER that vesicles arriving to the golgi to fuse with it

A

golgi cis face

37
Q

the side of the golgi facing towards the plasma membrane where vesicles depart from the golgi

A

golgi trans face

38
Q

a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal uses to digest macromolecules

A

lysosome

39
Q

What causes a lysosome to form?

A

A vesicle carrying the proteins of hydrolytic enzymes transforms into a lysosome.

40
Q

What is the pH inside a lysosome?

A

5

41
Q

Why is the specific pH inside a lysosome important?

A

Because the cell’s pH is 7.5, the cell will not digest itself if a lysosome is ruptured.

42
Q

the process of small organisms engulfing even smaller organisms or food particles for intracellular digestion

A

phagocytosis

43
Q

the process of lysosomes using their hydrolytic enzymes to recycle a cell’s genetic material which allows the cell to renew itself and get rid of non-useful tissues (finger webbing)

A

autophagy

44
Q

What are two processes in which lysosomes carry out intracellular digestion?

A

Phagocytosis and autophagy.

45
Q

a disease caused when a lipid-digesting enzyme is missing or inactive, causing the brain to become impaired by the accumulation of lipids

A

Tay-Sachs disease

46
Q

an intracellular system consisting of the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and the plasma membrane involved in the production of proteins that carries membrane lipids and proteins through the cell

A

endomembrane system

47
Q

Explain the steps of the formation of a secretory protein using the endomembrane system

A

1) A gene of DNA is copied as mRNA during transcription in the nucleus.

2) mRNA leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pore.

3) mRNA travels to a bound ribosome where it is translated into a polypeptide.

4) The polypeptide goes into the cisternal space/lumen of the rough ER where it is bent and folded into its secondary and tertiary structures. An oligosaccharide attaches to the polypeptide to label it.

5) The polypeptide exits the rough ER through a transport vesicle.

6) The vesicle containing the polypeptide fuses with the cis face of the golgi which places it in the cisternal space/lumen where the sugars are modified, proteins are sorted based on the phosphate group, and the proteins are tagged for their final destination.

7) The final protein structure exits the trans face of the golgi through a transport vesicle.

8) The protein goes to the plasma membrane and is released (exocytosis).

48
Q

What structures help vesicles move throughout the cell?

A

Microtubules and motor proteins.

AP Biology (2 decks)

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